PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 11 PERSONALITY Power Point Image Slideshow

PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 11 PERSONALITY Power. Point Image Slideshow

FIGURE 11. 1 What makes two individuals have different personalities? (credit: modification of work by Nicolas Alejandro)

DEFINITION OF PERSONALITY Personality: • Sum of all of the ways of acting, thinking and feeling that are typical for a person makes each person different from other individuals

TRAIT THEORY Allport’s trait theory: - most important traits are those related to our values - cardinal - central - secondary

TRAIT THEORY (CONT. ) Five-factor model of personality

TRAIT THEORY (CONT. ) Validation of personality traits: • Hans Eysenck: • introversion • extroversion

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY: SIGMUND FREUD Freud’s mind: - 3 levels of consciousness: • • • conscious mind preconscious mind unconscious mind: repression

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY: SIGMUND FREUD (CONT. ) Freud’s Mind: id, ego and superego • id: • pleasure principle • primary process thinking • ego: • reality principle • superego: • conscience • ego ideal

FIGURE 11. 6 The job of the ego, or self, is to balance the aggressive/pleasure-seeking drives of the id with the moral control of the superego.

FIGURE 11. 7 Defense mechanisms are unconscious protective behaviors that work to reduce anxiety.

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY: SIGMUND FREUD (CONT. ) Growing up: the stages of psychosexual development - developmental stages result from a shifting of the primary outlet of libido energy of the id from one part of the body to another • erogenous zones

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY: SIGMUND FREUD (CONT. ) Oral stage: (birth to 1 year) • oral dependent personality: seeks pleasure by overeating, smoking and by being a gullible person • oral aggressive personality: seeks pleasure by being verbally hostile to others

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY: SIGMUND FREUD (CONT. ) Anal stage: (1 to 3 years) • toilet training children learn how much control they can exert over others with their anal sphincter muscles • anal retentive • anal expulsive

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY: SIGMUND FREUD (CONT. ) Phallic stage: (3 to 6 years) - genitals become primary source of pleasure - Oedipus complex: castration anxiety - Electra complex: penis envy - Phallic personality

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY: SIGMUND FREUD (CONT. ) Latency stage: (6 to 11 years) • Sexual interest is relatively inactive • Sexual desire has been strongly repressed through the resolution of the Oedipal or Electra complex • Sexual energy is sublimated into competence in schoolwork, play and sports

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY: SIGMUND FREUD (CONT. ) Genital stage (11 years on): • Sexual pleasure through the genitals arrival of puberty • Masturbation • Sexual and romantic interest in others is central motive

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY: SIGMUND FREUD (CONT. ) Theories derived from psychoanalysis: • Carl Jung: • Extraversion and introversion • Personal unconscious • Collective unconscious

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY: ALBERT BANDURA Role of learning in personality : -Reciprocal determination: • Behavior is learned and the social learning environment is altered by the behavior

FIGURE 11. 10 Bandura proposed the idea of reciprocal determinism: Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY: ALBERT BANDURA (CONT. ) Role of cognition in personality: • Self-efficacy: • Perception that one is capable of doing what is necessary to reach one’s goals • Self-regulation: • Personal standards for one's behavior from observing the personal standards that other people model

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY: ALBERT BANDURA (CONT. ) Situationism and interactionism: • Behavior is determined by the situations in which people find themselves, not traits inside the person • Person X situation interactionism: different people react to the same situation differently

HUMANISTIC THEORY: MASLOW AND ROGERS Inner-directedness and subjectivity: • Inner-directedness: • Internal force that pushes one to become the best individual he/she is capable of being • Subjective reality: • Viewing life in different, highly personal terms

HUMANISTIC THEORY: MASLOW AND ROGERS (CONT. ) Self-concept: • Carl Rogers: • Self • Ideal self: • Congruency

HUMANISTIC THEORY: MASLOW AND ROGERS (CONT. ) Humanism compared with classic psychoanalysis and social learning theory: all three theories believe that one internalizes society’s standards of what is desirable/moral and guides his/her behavior accordingly.

PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT Interviews and observational methods: • Interviews: • Most widely used method • Asking questions • Observations: • Observing a person’s actual behavior in a natural or simulated situation

PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT (CONT. ) Projective personality tests: • Unconscious feelings will be “projected” into the interpretation • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) • Rorschach inkblot test