PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 MEMORY Power Point Image Slideshow

PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 MEMORY Power. Point Image Slideshow

CHAPTER TOPICS • Acquisition, Storage, Retrieval • Acquisition • Storage • Retrieval • Memory Gaps, Memory Errors • Varieties of Memory

CHAPTER TOPICS • Some Final Thoughts: Different Types, But Common Principles • Summary

FIGURE 8. 1 Photographs can trigger our memories and bring past experiences back to life. (credit: modification of work by Cory Zanker)

ACQUISITION, STORAGE, RETRIEVAL (VERY SIMPLE) • Remembering begins with acquisition. • gathering information and placing it into memory • The next aspect of memory is storage. • holding information for later use • The final phase is retrieval. • draw information from storage and use it

HOW DO PEOPLE CREATE A MEMORY? q. Memories become memories through the work of several parts of the brain working together to tie things together. q. This starts with our brain and the brains interpretation of sensory information from the seven senses which are… qhttps: //youtu. be/6 Ck_GRSB-7 s

MEMORIES q. As a person move through life they are bombarded with sensory information. q. They have to make sense of this information. q. Sensory info includes sight, touch, taste, hearing, smell, vestibular (through the inner ear and control balance and eye movement), and proprioceptive (movement nd body position).

UNDERSTAND SENSORY INFO q. To understand the sensory info, our brain inputs this data, and then has to process this data. q. To process this data, the brain searches it’s knowledge banks for where it may have seen the info before. The brain does this to make sense of the info and to make understanding fast and simple.

THE BRAIN q. While this is going on, the brain is working to manage these sensory cues. q. The brain tries to focus on 3 -5 things. To do this it inhibits sensory info it believes is unnecessary to pay attention to this new info. This means the brain inhibits (stops) competing information, selectively attends to what is considers important, and remains vigilant to changes in the environment (to shift focus, or “sets”, as needed).

DOES THIS MAKE SENSE?

FIGURE 8. 4 According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, information passes through three distinct stages in order for it to be stored in long-term memory.

DECODE q. As the brain is searching it is decoding. q. Decoding refers to analyzing the info, making sense of it from past data, so the brain can understand the meaning. q. Please keep in mind the brain is filtering through its own biases and processing deficits. q. Also the past memories are deeply associated to sense it is attached to, such as fear in PTSD.

ENCODING q. If the brain is not able to make sense of something, the brain will start the process of making a new memory. q. Encoding allows the brain to do this. Encoding means the brain gives the new information a name, or a meaning. This allows the brain to learn, store the new info, and thus use the info later (retrieve).

ENCODING AND RETRIEVAL qhttps: //youtu. be/u 4 Np. WUJbar. Q qhttps: //youtu. be/d. V 3 Lxbf. KBfk q. Memory can easily fade. q. Memory is subject to suggestion and priming. q. Memories are created.

FIGURE 8. 5 The Stroop effect describes why it is difficult for us to name a color when the word and the color of the word are different.

FIGURE 8. 6 Work through this series of numbers using the recall exercise explained above to determine the longest string of digits that you can store.

THE FICTION OF MEMORY qhttps: //youtu. be/PB 2 Oeg. I 6 wv. I

DIFFERENT TYPES OF MEMORY q. Short term. q. Working Memory. q. Long term.

SHORT TERM MEMORY q. The short term memory holds info for a brief period, literally just seconds, in order to use the info a short period. q. From there the information can be held in working memory or lost.

WORKING MEMORY q. This is your brain’s notepad. The working memory allows you to plan, prioritize, and organize your time. q. This is referred to as the central executive. q. You have a visual, verbal (semantic), and spatial working memory. q. You can hold 3 -5 things, or 3 -5 chunks of data here.

WORKING MEMORY q. Working memory helps you decide what to keep and put in the long term memory, or what to discard. q. WM has a buffering mechanism that allows you to hold info, and a comprehensive coordinator (what is held, what is acted upon, what is discarded. ). qhttps: //youtu. be/UWKvp. FZJwc. E q. Review

LONG TERM MEMORY q. Long term memory is an unlimited storage area consisting of several task-specific systems. q. Explicit (declarative) memories are instances or facts that are recalled. These are facts, what is known as group norms, or facts that are unique to you (your autobiography).

FIGURE 8. 7 There are two components of long-term memory: explicit and implicit. Explicit memory includes episodic and semantic memory. Implicit memory includes procedural memory and things learned through conditioning.

LONG TERM MEMORY q. LTM also holds implicit memories. q. These are skill sets that have been learned, practiced, and then recalled or retrieved as a result of this practice. q. These skills may be motor maps designed due to repeated physical use, techniques acquired through learning and practice, and daily objectives.

INCREASING MEMORY • Primacy effects • Early items receive more rehearsal and are more likely to be transferred to long-term storage. • Recency effects • Just-heard items can be retrieved directly from working memory.

PROCESSING FOR MEMORY • Understanding promotes memory • How well someone remembers will depend on the depth at which he or she processed the information. • shallow processing: encoding that emphasizes superficial characteristics • deep processing: encoding that emphasizes meaning

PROCESSING FOR MEMORY • We remember best the material that we’ve understood. • Memory connections link one memory to the next. • At the time of recall, these connections serve as retrieval paths.

MNEMONICS • Mnemonics • • help a person form memory connections that can dramatically improve memory Many mnemonics utilize imagery. • This is most helpful if the visualized items are imagined as linked to each other.

IMPROVING WORKING MEMORY qhttps: //youtu. be/hh 2 Z 2 h. Sg. FIY q. Thursday

FIGURE 8. 8 Marilu Henner’s super autobiographical memory is known as hyperthymesia. (credit: Mark Richardson)

FIGURE 8. 9 The amygdala is involved in fear and fear memories. The hippocampus is associated with declarative and episodic memory as well as recognition memory. The cerebellum plays a role in processing procedural memories, such as how to play the piano. The prefrontal cortex appears to be involved in remembering semantic tasks.

MEMORY CONSOLIDATION • Establishment of a long-term memory depends on memory consolidation. • New connections are formed among neurons. • Need for consolidation is reflected in cases in which this has been disrupted • retrograde amnesia

RETRIEVAL • Retrieval of memories: • usually easy but can fail, either completely or partially (tip-ofthe-tongue effect) • promoted by retrieval cues • Cues are useful if they re-create the context in which the original learning occurred. • Context reinstatement allows the person to use retrieval paths.

MEMORY GAPS AND ERRORS • Many cases of forgetting can be understood as the result of inadequate encoding. • Data from f. MRI scans collected during encoding show different patterns for later-remembered material and laterforgotten material.

FIGURE 8. 10 Most people can remember where they were when they first heard about the 9/11 terrorist attacks. This is an example of a flashbulb memory: a record of an atypical and unusual event that has very strong emotional associations. (credit: Michael Foran)

DISORDERS OF MEMORY qhttps: //youtu. be/7 mvx-m. AUJL 8 qhttps: //youtu. be/75 Jnk. JIx. Lp 8 qhttps: //youtu. be/d. Mz. N 6 Cxnxlg qhttps: //youtu. be/loks. PQ 7 Q 8 t. M qdementia

DISORDERS OF MEMORY qhttps: //youtu. be/LL_Gq 7 Shc-Y q. Alzheimers q. Mayo Clinic states, ”although Alzheimer’s accounts for 60 -70% of cases of dementia, other disorders that cause dementia are: Vascular dementia, Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy Bodies and Frontotemperol dementia. ”

DEMENTIA q. Dementia is a group of symptoms that affect factors such as memory and reasoning. It is not a disease. q. Alzheimer’s disease is one cause.

REPEATED HEAD TRAUMA qhttps: //youtu. be/Dw. Vm_9 Sfv 2 I q. NFL League of Denial

INTRUSION ERRORS • Interference can also result from mixing memories. • intrusion errors • misinformation effect • It can be the result of schematic knowledge intruding into memory of a particular event. • Events are usually understood (and remembered) with reference to schemas.

AVOIDING MEMORY ERRORS • Psychologists have searched unsuccessfully for ways of distinguishing correct memories from mistaken ones. • Confidence expressed by the person remembering has little value. • Hypnosis also does nothing to improve memory. • can actually increase the risk of memory error

VARIETIES OF MEMORY • Several types of memory • Episodic memories concern specific episodes. • Semantic memories concern broader knowledge, not tied to a particular episode. • Explicit memories are consciously recalled. • Implicit memories are not consciously recalled but can be indirectly tested.

FIGURE 8. 13 When people are asked leading questions about an event, their memory of the event may be altered. (credit a: modification of work by Rob Young)

FIGURE 8. 15 The Ebbinghaus forgetting curve shows how quickly memory for new information decays.

FIGURE 8. 17 Many veterans of military conflicts involuntarily recall unwanted, unpleasant memories. (credit: Department of Defense photo by U. S. Air Force Tech. Sgt. Michael R. Holzworth)

FIGURE 8. 18 Sometimes forgetting is caused by a failure to retrieve information. This can be due to interference, either retroactive or proactive.

FIGURE 8. 19 This is a knuckle mnemonic to help you remember the number of days in each month. Months with 31 days are represented by the protruding knuckles and shorter months fall in the spots between knuckles. (credit: modification of work by Cory Zanker)

FIGURE 8. 20 Memory techniques can be useful when studying for class. (credit: Barry Pousman)

FLASHBULB MEMORIES • Some theorists subdivide episodic memory. • They distinguish autobiographical memories from memories for other episodes, • and place flashbulb memories or traumatic memories into their own category.

FINAL THOUGHTS • The link between memory and perception is that both try to inform us about “reality. ” • Perceiving, learning, memory, and thinking are tied tightly together.

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