Plant Kingdom Organisms that are multicellular autotrophic and

Plant Kingdom Organisms that are multi-cellular, autotrophic, and sexually reproducing.

Origin of Plants First land dwelling plants were those of nonvascular nature. That is that they grew low to the ground without the need for vascular tissue. n Primitive plants are said to have originated from aquatic algae. n

How to survive and expand n 3 keys for plants to survive on land 1. ) have the ability to absorb nutrients from surroundings 2. ) prevent their bodies from drying out 3. ) reproduce without the use of water to transmit reproductive cells

Mycorrhizae/Absorbing Nutrients Relationship between early plants and fungi to allow plants the ability to absorb nutrients from their surroundings. n Rocks were the main surroundings. n 80% of plants today still form mycorrhizae. n

Preventing Water loss Cuticle- waxy coating to allow plants to keep water in and not have the sun rays burn the plant up. Slows down transpiration rates. Stoma- allows the release of oxygen and the absorption of carbon dioxide prevented by the cuticle. Controlled by guard cells n

Reproducing Aquatic sperm from plants would travel through water to fertilize eggs. n Land plant sperm are carried in pollen to avoid drying out and can be carried by wind or animals as they evolved n

As plants become more complex Conducting material- vascular tissue allowed plants to become larger and more complex. Xylem and phloem bring water and nutrients around the body of a plant. n Nonvascular plants use diffusion and osmosis to move nutrients and minerals around n

Seed development n 2 nd best adaptation after vascular tissue 1. ) Protection-seed coat avoids seeds from drying out 2. ) Nourishment-nourish is supplied in the seed to allow for initial growth 3. ) Plant Dispersal-structures provide for flight, floating, or getting carried. 4. ) Delayed growth- growth will be delayed until conditions are favorable for survival.

Flowers Allow for reproduction to be more efficient. n Non-flowering plants had to produce tremendous amounts of pollen for pollination to become successful. Inefficient n Flowering plants produce lees pollen and attract pollinators to aid in the process. Very Efficient n

Non-Vascular Plants Small in size- all nutrients are moved by diffusion and osmosis which limits distance. n Larger Gametophyte-the reproducing structure is more noticeable than that of a sporophyte. n Require water for reproduction-limits where they can live. Sperm cannot swim to neighboring gametophytes without it. n

Types of Non-Vascular Plants Mosses- do contain cuticles, stomas, and simple conducting cells. n Liverworts-Have no cuticle, stomas or conducting cells. n Hornworts-No conducting cells but does contain cuticle and stoma n

Seedless Vascular Plants n Cooksonia-oldest known vascular plant 1. ) Vascular system-contain xylem and phloem and can grow much larger than non-vascular plants. True roots, stems and leaves present. 2. ) Larger sporophytes-being bigger than gametophytes allos for wind to carry away spores 3. ) Drought resistant spores-allow for plants to live in drier climates away from water

Types of Seedless vascular plants Ferns-MOST COMMON SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANT. n Club Moss-unlike other moss, this moss contains true roots, stems and leaves. n Horsetails-scale-like leaves grow and each joint n Whisk ferns-highly branched stems but no leaves or roots n

Gymnosperms Gymnos-means “naked” spema-means “seed” n Seed are not contained in a sealed container or fruit n Seeds allow for greater distance from parent plant and gametophytes are much smaller(two types: male and female) n Wind pollination-no more water is needed n

Types of Gymnosperms Conifers-needle like leaves to conserve water. Most successful gymnosperm! n Cycads-short stems and palm leaves. n Ginkgo-fan shaped leaves. male and female gametophyte develop on different trees n Gnetophytes-develop seeds in cones that resemble a flower n

Angiosperms Angeion meaning “case” and sperma meaning “seed” n Seed is encased in a structure called a fruit. n Male and female gametophytes develop in a flower which make pollination more efficient than cones or spores of all the other types of plants n

Angiosperms continued Fruits do proved some protection for the seed, but are primarily needed for seed dispersal. Fruits get eaten, or float, and can also be carried by wind. n Endosperm- stored food for the seed that is used by the embryo for development of the plant during primary growth. n

Types of Angiosperms Monocots- seed produces one seed leaf(cotyledon). n Leaves contain parallel veins and the flower parts are in multiples of 3’s. n Dicots-produce 2 seed leaves(cotyledons) n Leaf veins are branching n Flower parts are in multiples of 2, 4 or 5’s n

Plant Uses n Food Use 1. ) Fruits and vegetables-vitamins and minerals 2. ) Root Crops- underground growth/high calorie 3. ) Legumes-Protein enrich peas or beans 4. ) Cereals-produce dry fruit called grains 5. ) Wheat-ground to flour to make pasta or bread 6. ) Corn-top crop for people or livestock in US 7. ) Rice-feed over ½ of the people in the world

Other Plant Uses Wood-building, heating, fuel, and paper n Medicines-pain relief to cancer fighting agents. n Fibers-paper, clothes and rope. Cotton is the World’s #1 plant fiber. n