Physical Development in Early Childhood Physical Development in
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Physical Development in Early Childhood
Physical Development in Early Childhood Body growth slows n Shape becomes more streamlined. n 2 -3” in height/yr n 5 pounds/year Skeletal growth continues. n New growth centers emerge. n Lose baby teeth
Brain Development in Early Childhood Significant brain growth between ages 2 and 6: n n n Grows to 90% of adult size Reshaping and refining Overabundance of synaptic connections supports plasticity Cognitive skills also increase. n Physical coordination, perception, attention, memory, language, logical thinking, and imagination Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Age-Related Changes in Synaptic Density of Three Areas of Cerebral Cortex Involved in Language Processing Figure 8. 2
Brain Development in Early Childhood (continued) Frontal lobe areas for planning and organization develop. Left hemisphere active n Language skills n Handedness Differences in rate of development between the two hemispheres suggest they continue to lateralize during early childhood.
Handedness Begins as early as 1 year and strengthens 90% are right-handed (in Western nations) Affected by experience n n n Position in uterus Practice Culture Early damage to left hemisphere may cause shift in handedness. n © Jarenwicklund | Dreamstime. com However, most left-handers have no developmental problems and are more likely to excel in both verbal and math skills. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Cross-Section of the Human Brain Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Influences on Physical Growth and Health Heredity and hormones Emotional well-being n Psychosocial dwarfism Sleep Nutrition Infectious disease n Immunization Childhood injuries © Ron Chapple Studios | Dreamstime. com
Heredity and Hormones Size and growth related to parents Genes influence pituitary gland to release: n Growth hormone (GH) acts directly, but also stimulates release of insulinlike growth factor 1 (IGF-1), which triggers cell duplication. n Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) prompts release of thyroxine; necessary for brain development and proper growth.
Nutrition in Early Childhood Appetite becomes unpredictable. Like familiar foods Social environment influences food choices. Children who have a nutritionally deficient diet have § more attention difficulties. § poorer mental test scores. § behavior problems, especially hyperactivity and aggression. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. © Haitao Wang | Dreamstime. com
Infectious Diseases in Childhood About 20% of American infants and toddlers are not fully immunized. n Rate is higher for poverty-stricken children. § One in five children under age 5 in the U. S. have no health insurance and limited access to care. § In other industrialized nations, free medical examinations are standard. § Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) funding provides care for many, but some eligible children are not enrolled.
Factors Related to Childhood Injuries Individual Differences § Gender— § Mothers judge chances of preventing injury in sons to be lower—a belief that might keep them from exercising proper controls. Temperament § Risk Factors § § § Poverty, single parenthood, low parental education Societal conditions in developing nations Poverty, child-care shortages, teen parents in the U. S. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Leading causes of death among children aged 1 -4, 2007 Age Group 1 -4 Years Type of Injury Death Rate per 100, 000 Population in Specified Age Group Unintentional Injury 9. 6 Congenital Anomalies 3. 3 Homicide 2. 4 Malignant Neoplasms (cancer) 2. 2 Heart Disease 1. 1 Influenza and Pneumonia 0. 7 Septicemia 0. 5 Conditions Originating in 0. 4 the Perinatal Period
Preventing Childhood Injuries Laws prevent many injuries (safety seats, childresistant caps, flameproof clothing). Many parents and children still behave in ways that compromise safety. n Safety seats— 40% of parents don’t place their children in child safety seats, and of those that do, 84% either install them or use them incorrectly. n Parents expect small children to recall safety rules, rather than monitoring and controlling access to hazards. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Motor Skill Development in Early Childhood Gross-motor skills n Walking, running n Catching, throwing, swinging, riding Fine-motor skills n Self-help: © Silisia | Dreamstime. com eating n Drawing Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. dressing,
Changes in Catching During Early Childhood Figure 8. 8 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Progression of Drawing Skills Scribbles: during 2 nd year First representational forms Label already-made drawings around age 3 n Draw boundaries and people at 3– 4 years n More realistic drawings: preschool to school age Early printing: ages 4– 6 Figure 8. 9
Development of Children’s Drawings of Geometric Objects Figure 8. 10 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Kellogg’s stages of young children’s artistic drawings 2 yrs: scribbles 2 -3 yrs: placement stage 3 yrs: shape stage 3 -4 yrs: design stage 4 -5 yrs: pictorial stage
Development of Printing in Early Childhood Up to Age 3 Around Age 4 Between Ages 4 and 6 n Scribbles n Varied pencil grips n “Drawing print” n Gradually realize writing stands for language, identify individual letters n Adult pencil grip by age 5 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Individual Differences in Motor Skills Body build n Taller and more muscular bodies move more quickly, acquire skills faster. Sex n n n Boys: Girls: Social pressures help channel activities.
Enhancing Early Childhood Motor Development Mastered through everyday play n Formal lessons have little impact. n Preschoolers should have at least 60 minutes of unstructured play every day. Daily routines support fine-motor development. Provide appropriate play space and equipment. Outdoor Education Activists: nature play!; exercise but also engages parasympathetic NS in addition to sympathetic
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