Physical Cognitive Development In Middle Late Childhood Chapter

Physical & Cognitive Development In Middle & Late Childhood Chapter 9 Manisha Sawhney, Ph. D. 1

Body Growth & Change § Slow, consistent growth § Average growth is 2 -3 inches a year § Average weight gain is 57 pounds a year

Brain & Motor Development § Brain development § Prefrontal cortex-increase in pathways and circuitry § Cerebral cortex-thickening of temporal & frontal lobes § Synaptic pruning § Motor Development § Gross Motor skills § Fine motor skills

3 year old’s drawing

5 year old’s drawing

9 year old’s drawing

Health, Illness & Disease § Injuries are the leading cause of death § Obesity The percentage of children aged 6– 11 years in the United States who were obese increased from 7% in 1980 to nearly 18% in 2012. (CDC, 2013) § Causes of Overweight/Obesity § Heredity (Stunkard et al. , 1990) § Environmental § Socioeconomic status

Consequences of overweight § Medical problems § Diabetes § Hypertension § Elevated blood cholesterol § Psychological § Low self esteem § Depression § Eating disorders

Obesity Stigma § How does social stigma of obesity effect children?

Health, Illness & Disease § Cardiovascular disease (CVD) § Risk factors for CVD include, hypertension and obesity § Cancer § Second leading cause of death in 5 -14 yr old § Leukemia most common childhood cancer

Children with Disabilities § What disabilities do children have and how does it impact their education § 14 percent children received special education in 2008 -2009 (Aud et al. , 2011) 11

Learning Disorders § Difficulty in understanding or using spoken or written language or in doing mathematics. • DSM-5 describes several domains of specific learning disorder: - Reading (dyslexia) - Written expression (dysgraphia) - Mathematics (dyscalculia)

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder § Predominantly: § Inattention § Hyperactivity § Impulsivity Incidence: § 6. 4 million children between the ages of 4 and 17 (11 percent) have received an ADHD diagnosis (CDC, 2011) § In North Dakota, the rate has increased from 7. 5 percent in 2007 to 8. 9 percent in 2011 § What do these figures tell us? § Is ADHD overdiagnosed 13

Causes for ADHD § Genetic factors § Maternal health during pregnancy § Executive areas of the brain are underactive § Treatment: § Combination of medication and behavior management improves the behavior of children with ADHD

Autism Spectrum Disorder (DSM-V) § Characterized by significant impairments in : § Social and communication deficits § Repetitive behaviors and fixated interests § Symptoms must be present in the early developmental period § Autism and Asperger disorder § https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=z 8_Oi 9 Usg. OI

Repetitive Behavior and Fixated Interests § Prevalence § Current official U. S. estimates: 1 in 68 (CDC, 2014) § More in boys than girls § Causes § Brain dysfunction § Genes & Heredity § Polygenic model/theory of multi-factorial inheritance

Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Theory § Concrete Operational Stage: § Seriation § Transitivity § Reversibility § https: //www. youtube. com/wat ch? v=g. A 04 ew 6 Oi 9 M 17

Information Processing: Baddeley's model of working memory § Long Term Memory increases § Strategies for Improving Memory § Fuzzy Trace Theory § Verbatim memory trace § Gist 18

Intelligence § The ability to solve problems and to adapt and learn from experiences. § Intelligence Scales § Binet Test § IQ=Mental Age/Chronological Age *100 § The Wechsler Scales 19

Types of Intelligence § Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence 20

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence 21

Differences in IQ scores § Influence of genetics § Environmental Influences § Flynn Effect IQ scores have risen across developed countries in recent decades. Source: Flynn (1999) 22

Culture free tests 23

Language Development § Increase in Vocabulary due to formal schooling § Start understanding comparatives and subjectives § Bilingualism and Second Language Learning § Increase globalization has lead to increase in children who are bilingual § Bilingualism does not interfere with primary language 24