Early childhood intervention definition1 Early childhood intervention consists
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Early childhood intervention: definition(1) • Early childhood intervention consists of multidisciplinary services provided of children from birth to 5 years of age to promote child health and well-being, enhance emerging competencies, minimize developmental delays, prevent functional deteriorations, and promote adaptive parenting and overall family function. 2020/11/26
Early childhood intervention: definition(2) • These goals are accomplished by providing individualized developmental, educational and therapeutic services for children in conjunction with mutually planned support for their families. 2020/11/26
Early childhood intervention: assumptions • Organisms are designed to adapt to their environment • Broad ecological context • Interdisciplinary nature 2020/11/26
Historical roots: early childhood education • Comenius(1592 -670): “School of the Mother” • Lock(1632 -1704): “Tabula rasa” (blank slate) • Rousseau(1712 -78): “laissez-faire” approach to child’s unspoiled nature • American: 17 -18 th century, innate “sinful” tendency (Puritan influence) 2020/11/26
Historical roots: Maternal and Child Health Services • 1912: The Children’s Bureau in the Department of Labor • 1935: the Social Security ACT: Title V: Part I, III Title XIX: Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment Programs (EPSDT) 2020/11/26
Historical roots: Special Education • Itard / Seguin ”physiological method of education” in Paris; Montessorie in Rome • Residential placements: Seguin the “Association of Medical Officers of American institutions for Idiotic and Feeble-Minded Persons”, 1876 • Public School Programs: World War II, 2020/11/26
Historical roots: Research, Nature / Nurture debates • Gessell, pediatrician & psychologist, Skills of normal development, Down Syndrome, prematurely, perinatal injury children=>biological maturation • Piaget, “Cognitive Revolution” • Spitz, ”hospitalism” • John Bolby, “attachment”, 1950 WHO homeless/ maternal deprivation 2020/11/26
美國早期療育之歷史沿革 • 1961, Kennedy: 「President’s Commission on Mental Retardation」 • 1963, Public Law 85 -156: prevention, screening(PKU) • 1965, 「Head Start Act」: 「Project Head Start」; 3 -4 y/o , poverty cycle • 1975, 「The Education for all Handicapped Children」 IEP • 1995: 「Early Head Start 」: < 3 Y/o 2020/11/26
Vulnerability and Resilience: Biology • Central Nervous System: Genetic disorders Early brain malformation Infection Toxic Insults Malnutrition Prenatal/perinatal brain injury • Immature brain of child far more adaptive than adult differentiated brain 2020/11/26
Vulnerability and resilience: Parenting • Adaptive parenting: Reciprocity Father’s role Single-headed families Social network/supportive relationship • Risk factors of maladaptive: Substance abuse Violence Teenage mothers Parental psychopathology 2020/11/26
Human Ecology of Early Risk • Contexts: 1. Microsystems: Vygotsky”the zone of proximal development” 2. Macrosystems: a. mesosystems: infant’s care group/home; hospital/home b. exosystems: parents workplace, school boards, church council • Economic/demographic 2020/11/26
Cultural differences: risk/resource • • Races Acculturation Cultural mismatch Minority status 2020/11/26
Protective Factors within Individuals before Age of Six • low distress/low emotionality active, alert, high vigor, drive sociability easy engaging temperament advanced self-help skills average-above average IQ ability to distance oneself, impulse control strong achievement motivation special talent, hobbies positive self-concepts planning foresight strong religious orientation, faith 2020/11/26
Protective Factors within Family and Community before Age of Six • • • Small family size Mother’s education Maternal competence Close bound with primary caregiver Supportive grandparents, siblings Girls: autonomy with emotional support from primary caregiver; Boys: structure and rules in household; For both: assigned chores ”required helpfulness” • Close competent peer • Supportive teacher, Successful school experience, Mentors 2020/11/26
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發展遲緩相關疾病診斷 • 一、神經肌肉疾病 CP, meningitis/encephalitis, epilepsy, brain developmental deficit (microcephaly, macrocephaly) , neuromuscular disease, neurocutaneous syndrome(tuberous sclerosis, hypomelanosis), hydrocephalus, brain tumor 2020/11/26
發展遲緩相關疾病診斷 • 二、感官知覺異常: 1. eyes refraction (hyperopia, myopia, astigmatism), amblyopia, optic atrophy, retinopathy, strabismus 2. ears hearing impairment( conductive losses, sensorineural losses, mixed losses), CAPD 2020/11/26
發展遲緩相關疾病診斷 • 三、遺傳、症候群 Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, Angelman syndrome, Goldenhan syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome, Turner syndrome, Rett syndrome, William syndrome, inborn error metabolic disease( Hypothyroidism, PKU, Mucopolysaccharidosis) 2020/11/26
發展遲緩相關疾病診斷 • 四、其它身體疾病 digestive system orthopedic system cardiovascular system urinary system cleft lip / cleft palate failure to thrive 2020/11/26
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