Pharming the practice of secretly changing computer files

• Pharming: “the practice of secretly changing computer files or software so that visitors to a popular website are sent to a different website instead, without their knowledge.

1. Phishing: Hornby (2010: 1136) defines the term as “the activity of tricking people by getting them to give their identity, bank account numbers, etc. over the internet or by email, and then using these to steal money from them. ”

Economic • Bottleneck: “anything that delays development or progress, particularly in business or industry. ” • Baalbaki (1970: 121) translates bottleneck as ﻳﻌﻴﻖ or ﻳﻮﻗﻒ.

Intersemiotic translation • Semiotic = relating to signs ‘The green light means go’ is an act of intersemiotic translation, • ‘The big hand’s pointing to twelve and the little hand’s pointing to four, so it’s four o’clock. ’

• In the previous examples, there is translation from a non-linguistic communication system (traffic lights, clock face) to a linguistic one.

Intralingual translation • Intra = (added to adjectives) on the inside; within. • Intralingual translation, or 'rewording': 'an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language';

Example There’s been an accident ahead, Madam – I’m afraid you’ll have to turn left down St Mary’s Lane here; the road’s blocked. q JILL: Oh, OK. Thanks. q JACK: What did he say? q JILL: We’ve got to turn left. q POLICEMAN:

Factors included 1. Linguistic context (e. g. the policeman’s words and Jack’s question). 2. Non-linguistic circumstances (such as being stopped in a car and having to take a diversion).

Interlingual translation • Interlingual translation, or 'translation proper': 'an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language';