Path of a Pathogen Diseases Michelle DAlleva Jennifer

Path of a Pathogen! Diseases Michelle DAlleva Jennifer Cunningham l Michelle DAlleva Antibodies / Vaccines Catherine Flynn Body’s Defenses

Information on Path of Pathogen The immune system is the body's defense against infectious organisms. immune response- the immune system attacks the harmful organisms that invade our bodies. The cells that are part of this defense system are white blood cells, or leukocytes. Two types: 1. phagocytes, cells that “eat” invading organisms 2. lymphocytes, “memory cells” that allow the body to remember and recognize previous invaders and help the body destroy them There are two kinds of lymphocytes: TEAM WORK!!! 1. B lymphocytes, “target” invading organisms for destruction. 2. T lymphocytes, destroy the invaders the “B” cells indentified

Path of a Pathogen Through the Body! WATCH this funny presentation about the path of a pathogen and then go on the activity. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=3 o 3 Iq-d 6 Roc (Copy and Paste)

1. In the video presentation which two cells worked together to identify and destroy the pathogen? 2. Humans have three types of immunity, explain each one; innate, adaptive, and passive. 3. Antibodies activate a group of proteins called “complement” to assist in the killing of what? 4. In the video presentation you saw a cell ingest and destroy the invading pathogen. What was this cell’s name and what process did use to destroy the pathogen? Resource for help: http: //kidshealth. org/parent/general/body_basics/immune. html

Resources 1. Dowshen, Steven. , MD “What the Immune System Does. ” Nemours Foundation Copyright November 2007. http: //kidshealth. org/parent/general/body_basics/immune. ht ml 2. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=3 o 3 Iq-d 6 Roc

Disease Effect on the Immune System AIDS – attacks cells that bear CD 4 molecules on their surface, once inside a cell it reverse transcripts itself and integrates the newly formed DNA into the host cell genome. Allergies - are a result of an immune system that responds to a "false alarm. " When a harmless substance such as dust, mold, or pollen is encountered by a person who is allergic to that substance, the immune system may react dramatically, by producing antibodies that "attack" the allergen. Asthma - a respiratory disorder that can cause breathing problems, frequently involves an allergic response by the lungs. If the lungs are oversensitive to certain allergens (like pollen), it can trigger breathing tubes in the lungs to become narrowed, leading to reduced airflow and making it hard for a person to breathe. Burkitt lymphoma - is able to survive and ‘transforms’ the normal B-lymphocytes into cancerous cells. The C-myc oncogene, it is responsible for the uncontrolled production of B-lymphocytes. It results from a translocation, or exchange, of genetic material between the long arm of human chromosome 8 and the long arm of human chromosome 14. Diabetes, type 1 - occurs when the body's immune system attacks and destroys certain cells in the pancreas, these cells are beta cells which produce insulin. Di. Geoge Syndrome - is caused by a large deletion from chromosome 22, produced by an error in recombination at meiosis.

Disease Review Sheet What disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways? What disease is a birth defect where children are born without a thymus gland? Explain why the thymus gland is important. Explain how HIV becomes AIDS and discuss how a newborn can have HIV. How is the gene HGM-I/Y involved with the development of Burkitt’s lymphoma. In type 1 Diabetes, explain what happens when beta cells are destroyed. Sources: http: //www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/books/bv. fcgi? rid=gnd. chapter. 51 http: //www. kidshealth. com/parent/general/body_basics/immune. html http: //findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_g. GEC/is_0010/ai_2699001070

Resources Genes and Diseases, Diseases of the Immune System; National Library of Medicine. Revised March 21, 2008 http: //www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/books/bv. fcgi? rid=gnd. chapter. 51 Steven Dawshen, MD “Immune System (Article)”. Nemours Foundation. Kisdhealth. caom. November 2007. http: //www. kidshealth. com/parent/general/body_basics/immune. html Ph. D. Rebecca J. Frey "Burkitt's lymphoma". Encyclopedia of Cancer. none. Find. Articles. com. 03 May 2008. http: //www. findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_g. GEC/is_0010/ai_2699001070 University of Virginia “Allergies and the Immune System”. University of Virginia Health System. Healthsystem. virginia. edu. 12 February 2004. http: //www. healthsystem. virginia. edu/uvahealth/adult_allergy/system. cfm Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International “What is Diabetes? ”. JDRFC Jdrf. org. 2008. http: //www. jdrf. org/index. cfm? page_id=101982

Watch this presentation on the Defense Mechanisms! Then go to the activity! http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=IQ_s 4 QUn. CK 0 (copy and paste)

• What is the 1 st line of defense as shown in the video presentation? Give three explains that were shown. • What is the body’s 2 nd line of defense as shown in the video presentation? What is the inflammatory response? • What is an interferon? • What is the body’s 3 rd line of defense as shown in the video presentation?

·The Humoral Response- B cells make antibodies against extracellular pathogens. ·Antigen- a foreign particle that enters the body. ·Antibody- a protein made by the immune system in response to the invading antigen. -They react with specific antigens (there is an antigenantibody complex based on shape) -make up a group of globular serum proteins called immunoglobins (Igs: Ig. M, Ig. A, Ig. G, Ig. E, Ig. D).

• Immunity- can be achieved naturally or artificially. • Active Immunity- is dependent on the response of the infected person’s own immune system. -acquired by recovering from the infectious disease (i. e. chicken pox) -can be artificially acquired through a vaccine/immunization (inactivated bacterial toxins, pieces of or killed/weakened microbes, or genes encoding microbial proteins. ) • Vaccines- created to stimulate the body to produce antibodies against a specific disease or antigen. -Expose the vaccinated person to the disease and creates immunological memory. -The body remembers the antibodies and can make them faster if there is a second exposure to the disease. • Passive immunity- occurs when antibodies are transferred from one individual to another (ex: from mother to fetus) -Can be artificially transferred by injecting antibodies from an animal that is already immune to a disease into another animal.

Types of Antigens • May or may not need the help of helper T cells to trigger a humoral immune response -T-dependent antigens; ex: proteins -T-independent antigens; ex: polysaccharides and proteins with identical polypeptides -helper T cells secrete cytokines, which activates B cells that turn into plasma cells which secrete antibodies. -1 plasma cell secretes appx. 2, 000 antibody molecules per second • Antigens that spark a humoral immune response: protein and polysaccharide surface components of microbes, incompatible transplanted tissues/transfused cells.

• Antibodies bind to antigens in order to rid the cell of the antigen. • • • Techniques: viral neutralization- occurs when antibodies bind to proteins on the surface of a virus and prevent a virus from infecting a host cell. Opsonization- occupied antibodies increase the intensity of phagocytosis and macrophage attachment to the antigen microbe. Each antibody molecule has at least 2 antigen-binding sites. -Allows immunoglobins to link microbes together to be phagocytosed by macrophages. Precipitation- is the cross-linking of soluble antigen molecules -forms unmoving “precipitates” which are expelled through phagocytosis Membrane attack complex (MAC)- formed by complement proteins -forms a pore in the bacterial membrane -ends in the lysing of the cell.

• The immune system’s ability to distinguish self from nonself limits tissue transplantation • Differences between ABO blood groups and the Rh factor can result in rejection of blood transfusions • Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) moleculesstimulate rejection of tissue grafts and organ transplants. -creates unique protein identification for each human -makes foreign MHC molecules antigenic.

Real A. P. Bio Question The defenses of the human body to the entry and establishment of a pathogen (disease-causing organism) can be divided into nonspecific responses and specific responses. (a) Explain how THREE types of nonspecific defenses can prevent the entry and/or establishment of a pathogen in a person’s body (b) Discuss how the immune system responds to an initial pathogenic exposure, and how this initial exposure can lead to a quicker response following a second exposure to the same pathogen. • (c) Explain the biological mechanisms that lead to the rejection of transplanted organs.