outline glycolysis to pyruvate with the yield of

10 steps in Glycolysis Ø ADP phosphorylation ATP Ø hexokinase Ø Ø 1 Glucose

2 Ø isomerization Ø Glucose-6 phosphate converted to its isomer, fructose -6 -phosphate. Process:

3 Ø ADP phosphorylation ATP Phosphofructokinase Ø Ø Another ATP is invested to molecule,

4 ly si s Ø ly si s Glyceraldehyde. Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate (DHAP) 3 -phosphate

5 Ø isomerization Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate (DHAP) Glyceraldehyde- Ø 3 -phosphate (G 3 P) Ø

6 Ø G 3 P/ 2 NADH + 2 H+ oxidation 2 NAD+ Ø

7 BPG/ ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation ADP Ø Ø (3 PG) One of phosphates of

8 (3 PG) isomerization Ø Ø (2 PG) 3 PG is rearranged to 2

9 (2 PG) dehydration H 2 0 Ø Ø ONE molecule of water is

10 Ø ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation ADP Ø Phosphate group of PEP molecules is transferred

Watch the animation and answer the following questions 1 2 3 Animation l l

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outline glycolysis to pyruvate with the yield of ATP and reduced NAD+ 1

10 steps in Glycolysis Ø ADP phosphorylation ATP Ø hexokinase Ø Ø 1 Glucose receives a phosphate group from ATP to form glucose-6 phosphate. Process: phosphorylation Enzyme: hexokinase Next Review 2

2 Ø isomerization Ø Glucose-6 phosphate converted to its isomer, fructose -6 -phosphate. Process: Isomerization Next Review 3

3 Ø ADP phosphorylation ATP Phosphofructokinase Ø Ø Another ATP is invested to molecule, forming fructose 1, 6 -bisphosphate. Process: Phosphorylation Enzyme: Phosphofructokinase Next Review 4

4 ly si s Ø ly si s Glyceraldehyde. Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate (DHAP) 3 -phosphate (G 3 P) Ø Fructose-1, 6 bisphosphate is then split into two 3 carbon sugars, glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate (G 3 P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP). Process: Lysis / Cleavage Next Review 5

5 Ø isomerization Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate (DHAP) Glyceraldehyde- Ø 3 -phosphate (G 3 P) Ø Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is converted to its isomer, glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate (G 3 P) a. k. a phosphoglycerate (PGAL) Process: Isomerization Next Review 6

6 Ø G 3 P/ 2 NADH + 2 H+ oxidation 2 NAD+ Ø Ø Ø G 3 P undergoes dehydrogenation with NAD+ as hydrogen acceptor. Product of this very exergonic reaction G 3 P reacts with inorganic phosphate present in cytosol to yield 1, 3 bisphoglycerate (BPG). Process: Oxidation / Dehydrogenation Next Review 7

7 BPG/ ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation ADP Ø Ø (3 PG) One of phosphates of BPG reacts with ADP to form ATP resulting in 3 phosphoglycerate (3 PG). Process: Substratelevel phosphorylation (3 PG) Next Review 8

8 (3 PG) isomerization Ø Ø (2 PG) 3 PG is rearranged to 2 phosphoglycerate (2 PG) Process: Isomerization. (2 PG) Next Review 9

9 (2 PG) dehydration H 2 0 Ø Ø ONE molecule of water is removed, which results in formation of double bond. The product, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). Process: Dehydration (removal of water) Next Review 10

10 Ø ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation ADP Ø Phosphate group of PEP molecules is transferred to ADP to yield ATP and pyruvate. Process: Substratelevel phosphorylation. Next Review 11

Review: Glycolysis 12

Watch the animation and answer the following questions 1 2 3 Animation l l Energy investing phase Energy yielding phase Where reduced NAD+ is produced Name of enzymes at 1 & 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 13

Thank you 14