Option D Human Physiology D 1 Human Nutrition

Option D: Human Physiology D. 1 Human Nutrition

D. 1 • Essential idea: A balanced diet is essential to human health.

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Components of the Human Diet Nutrients are chemical substances found in food that are used in the body Nutrition Information: Food energy: from carbohydrates, proteins, fats. Units: food calories (kcal) or kilojoules (1 kcal = 4. 18 k. J) daily needs vary by individual based on gender, age, size and activity. Fats (lipids) can be saturated or unsaturated. Trans fats are particularly unhealthy. Sodium (salt): keep it low. Carbohydrates are polymers of sugars (an energy source). Sugars are absorbed easily into the blood Dietary fiber (cellulose) cannot be digested (healthy). Proteins are polymers and sources of amino acids. They are used to build new proteins in cells. Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential in small amounts in the diet. Minerals are mineral ions (elements) that are also essential. http: //www. wolframalpha. com/input/? i=big+mac+nutrition

D. 1. U 1 Essential nutrients cannot be synthesized by the body, therefore they have to be included in the diet. Nutrient: a chemical substance found in foods that used in the body. Non-essential Nutrients Essential Nutrients • • • Water Minerals Some vitamins Some unsaturated fatty acids Some amino acids • Carbohydrates/sugars (energy could come from proteins or fats) • Other minerals and some vitamins • Saturated fatty acids • Some amino acids. Dietary fiber is also necessary, though as it is not absorbed it is technically not a nutrient. Image: 'La Boqueria' http: //www. flickr. com/photos/9147703@N 03/280330584 0

Vitamins & Minerals D. 1. U 2 Dietary minerals are essential chemical elements. AND D. 1. U 3 Vitamins are chemically diverse carbon compounds that cannot be synthesized by the body. Minerals are http: //tinyurl. com/35 d 6 qyq Vitamins are . Some can be made by the body, but others are essential in the diet. http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Vitamin_C

Eye function/vision, maintenance of epithelial tissues (hair, skin, lining of organs) Coenzymes (assist enzymes), digestion, red blood cell maturation, nervous system http: //whqlibdoc. who. int/publications/2004/9241546123. pdf

Watch at home: http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=dcw 1 m 31 zu. TE Understanding Vitamin D http: //highered. mcgrawhill. com/sites/0072507470/student_view 0/chapter 25/animation __b_vitamins. html http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=on. SPZ 0 a. BUKM

D. 1. A 1 Production of ascorbic acid by some mammals, but not others that need a dietary supply Vitamin C is a compound called Function: Majority of plants and animals, including most mammals, can . What causes the inability to synthesize vitamin C? All cases studied so far show a (codes for the enzyme L-gulono- -lactone oxidase) is responsible. This . .

D. 1. A 1 Production of ascorbic acid by some mammals, but not others that need a dietary supply The mutation in the GLO gene has occurred several times in evolutionary history. Those, including humans, that cannot synthesize vitamin C must consume it.

D. 1. U 6 Malnutrition may be caused by a deficiency, imbalance or excess of nutrients in the diet. Malnutrition may be caused by a Malnutrition can be the result of a poor diet: • Diets low in quantity – • Unbalanced diets – malnutrition. can also be a cause of A deficiency in can cause a variety of symptoms that are collectively known as . Includes https: //www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000355. htm

http: //whqlibdoc. who. int/publications/2004/9241546123_chap 7. pdf

Nature of Science – Falsification of theories with one theory being superseded by another It was thought that because laboratory attempts to induce symptoms in mice and rats failed. This was disproven in . This was somewhat unpopular with the scientific community as nutrient deficiencies were not yet known. They successfully developed an animal model by feeding guinea pigs a diet of whole grains. Having an animal model allowed for the study of the factors that led to scurvy as well as the preventative value of different foods. They cured the guinea pigs of scurvy by feeding them cabbage and lemon juice.

D. 1. A 3 Lack of Vitamin D or calcium can affect bone mineralization and cause rickets or osteomalacia. Vitamin http: //www. endocrinesurgery. net. au/vitamin-d/ . This can (290 -310 nm)

D. 1. A 3 Lack of Vitamin D or calcium can affect bone mineralization and cause rickets or osteomalacia. Individuals with . A deficiency of vitamin D can lead to • bones near growth plates do not mineralize properly • Leads to irregular, thick and wide bone growth • Children do not reach optimal height & legs are often bowed in or out at the knees A deficiency of vitamin D can lead to • Means “soft bones” – bone matrix is weak http: //www. endocrinesurgery. net. au/vitamin-d/ http: //www. leeds. ac. uk/yawya/bioarchaeology/Deficienc

D. 1. U 4 Some fatty acids and some amino acids are essential. Fatty Acids • High-density energy storage • Usually solid at room temp • Animal products, palm and coconut oil • Image: 'Ã�l 2' http: //www. flickr. com/photos/67499195@N 00/2071538655 Found on flickrcc. net CH 3(CH 2)n. COOH • Usually oils at room temp • Usually plant sources, e. g. olive oil •

Fatty Acids CH 3(CH 2)n. COOH High-density (efficient) energy storage Metabolism of fatty acids in cell respiration skips glycolysis. Coenzyme A* cuts off carbon atoms from the fatty acid in the link reaction and carries them to the Krebs cycle. Therefore: longer chains are a greater store of potential energy. *Coenzymes assist enzymes and are made using vitamins. It’s all connected!

Fatty Acids Important components of the http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cell_membrane

Fatty Acids CH 3(CH 2)n. COOH Have other diverse functions. g l y c e r o l Triglycerides are fatty acids saturated mono-unsaturated poly-unsaturated Lipid Hormones • , such as testosterone and cortisol, are made using lipids. • Hormones are chemical messengers. http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Triglyceride

D. 1. U 4 Some fatty acids and some amino acids are essential. Essential fatty acids: Two fatty acids, omega-3 and omega-6, are . Omega-3 and omega-6 are needed throughout the body but are needed in .

D. 1. U 4 Some fatty acids and some amino acids are essential. phenylalanine hydroxylase

D. 1. U 4 Some fatty acids and some amino acids are essential. Essential amino acids: Histidine Isoleucine Lysine Methionine Threonine Phenylalanine Tryptophan Valine Tyrosine (only if phenylalanine is not in the diet) Arginine (required in the diet of infants)

D. 1. U 5 Lack of essential amino acids affects the production of proteins. Protein-deficiency malnutrition Kwashiorkor: “The disease of the first child when the second is born. ” https: //www. youtube. com/wat ch? v=GALb. Eobx. Esc Caused by a as a result of extremely (such as when breastfeeding ceases for one child and the diet switches to low-protein sources of energy). Essential amino acids are therefore not available to make new proteins - - that are necessary for . (severe swelling) results as fluids gather in tissues and cannot be returned to the blood effectively. and . Risk factors: • Extreme poverty, overpopulation, large family sizes • Drought, war, poor infrastructure http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Kwashiorkor

D. 1. A 2 Cause and treatment of phenylketonuria (PKU). Phenylketonuria (PKU) Phenylalanine Tyrosine Inherited, progressive, degenerative. Cause , disease-causing allele: mis-sense base-substitution mutation on the gene for the enzyme . Result . Phe builds up in the brain, and competes with other amino-acids for transport into brain (these are needed to make other proteins or neurotransmitters). Effect . Detection (Guthrie test) of newborns to test concentration of Phe and Phe: Tyr ratio.

Phenylketonuria (PKU) Inherited, progressive, degenerative. Detection Heel-prick (Guthrie test) of newborns to test concentration of Phe and Phe: Tyr ratio. https: //youtu. be/4 V 9 w. IWKs. Zw. E Treatment : no dairy, meat, breastmilk, nuts or aspartame (artificial sweetener). . http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Neonatal_heel_prick There is no cure for PKU. Genetic counseling would be sought by prospective parents who suffer from or are suspected carriers of the disease-causing PKU allele. http: //youtu. be/CEi. OYSYhnh. Y

D. 1. U 7 Appetite is controlled by a centre in the hypothalamus. Some of the ways the hypothalamus receives input that you are full: Appetite is controlled by the When stomach Hormone (leptin) Hormones (PYY 3 -36) Adipose tissue

D. 1. U 8 Overweight individuals are more likely to suffer hypertension and type II diabetes. An unhealthy diet can lead to Consumption of excess fats and refined carbs causes individuals to become overweight. One way to determine if your weight is appropriate is to calculate your BMI Two nutrition related diseases that overweight individuals are more likely to suffer from are: 1. 2. http: //thatsugarfilm. com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/processed-food-fats-

2. 3. S 2 Determination of body mass index by calculation or use of a nomogram. An alternative to calculating the BMI is a . Simply use a ruler to draw a line from the body mass (weight) to the height of a person. Where it intersects the W/H 2 line the person’s BMI can be determined. Now use the table to assess their BMI status. BMI Status Below 18. 5 Underweight 18. 5 – 24. 9 Normal 25. 0 – 29. 9 Overweight 30. 0 and Above Obese http: //helid. digicollection. org/documents/h 0211 e/p 434. gif

D. 1. U 8 Overweight individuals are more likely to suffer hypertension and type II diabetes. There is a correlation between excessive weight gain and hypertension ( ) • Weight gain is associated with: o Higher cardiac output which can raise blood pressure o Abdominal obesity can increase vascular resistance which can raise blood pressure (harder to push blood through circulatory system) o Arteries becoming stiffer and narrower which can raise blood pressure *Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute (m. L blood/minute) http: //thatsugarfilm. com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/processed-food-fats-

D. 1. U 8 Overweight individuals are more likely to suffer hypertension and type II diabetes. There is also a positive correlation between developing type II diabetes and the occurrence of obesity Type II diabetes occurs . Why this occurs is unknown; however, there are some contributing factors: • Diets rich in fat and low in fiber • Obesity due to overeating and lack of exercise • Genetic factors which affect fat metabolism o Rates of type II diabetes varies greatly between ethnic groups - less than 2% in China to 50% among Pima Indians (Arizona) Effects of Traditional and Western Environments on Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U. S. http: //thatsugarfilm. com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/processed-food-fats-

D. 1. A 5 Cholesterol in blood as an indicator of the risk of coronary heart disease. Research has shown a correlation between Excessive cholesterol in the blood can lead to disease where plaque builds up in your arteries. , a Cholesterol can help to form these plaques and as plaques continue to form they make the inside of the artery smaller and smaller. When plaques form in the coronary arteries it can lead to heart attack. “Good Cholesterol”: • “Bad Cholesterol”: • http: //www. eatdrinkbewell. com/2014/10/qotw-what-do-i-do-for-high-

D. 1. U 9 Starvation can lead to breakdown of body tissue. When the body is deficient in many nutrients, essential and non-essential, starvation occurs. The Minnesota Experiment Effects of starvation on the body: • First • Next • Lastly the body “During World War Two, conscientious objectors in the US and the UK were asked to volunteer for medical research. In one project in the US, young men were starved for six months to help experts decide how to treat victims of mass starvation in Europe. “ http: //www. bbc. com/news/magazine-25782294

D. 1. U 9 Starvation can lead to breakdown of body tissue. HUNGER STATS 1. Some 795 million people in the world do not have enough food to lead a healthy active life. That's about one in nine people on earth. 2. The vast majority of the world's hungry people live in developing countries, where 12. 9 percent of the population is undernourished. 3. Asia is the continent with the most hungry people - two thirds of the total. The percentage in southern Asia has fallen in recent years but in western Asia it has increased slightly. 4. Sub-Saharan Africa is the region with the highest prevalence (percentage of population) of hunger. One person in four there is undernourished. 5. Poor nutrition causes nearly half (45%) of deaths in children under five - 3. 1 million children each year. 6. One out of six children -- roughly 100 million -- in developing countries is underweight. 7. One in four of the world's children are stunted. In developing countries the proportion can rise to one in three. 8. If women farmers had the same access to resources as men, the number of hungry in the world could be reduced by up to 150 million. 9. 66 million primary school-age children attend classes hungry across the developing world, with 23 million in Africa alone. 10. WFP calculates that US$3. 2 billion is needed per year to reach all 66 million hungry school-age children https: //www. wfp. org/hunger/stats

D. 1. A 4 Breakdown of heart muscle due to anorexia. Anorexia means “ Anorexia nervosa is a ”. Individuals with this disorder have an obsession with their body image and an ideal weight that is far too low. The same effects of starvation occur here with wasting of muscle tissue for energy. The causes an . Lack of nutrition also . Patients tend to experience reduced blood pressure, slower heart rate and reduced heart output.

Read the following article and write a summary (1/2 page): What Happens To The Body And Mind When Starvation Sets In? http: //www. npr. org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/01/20/ 463710330/what-happens-to-the-body-and-mind-whenstarvation-sets-in