MORPHEMES MORPHOLOGY AND LEXICOLOGY MORPHEME RECAP MORPHEMES ADD

MORPHEMES MORPHOLOGY AND LEXICOLOGY

MORPHEME RECAP • MORPHEMES ADD MEANINGFUL INFORMATION TO ROOT WORDS • THEY CAN BE PREFIXES – START OF A ROOT WORD • THEY CAN BE SUFFIXES – END OF A ROOT WORD • INFORMAL ENGLISH CAN ALSO HAVE INFIXES – IN THE ROOT WORD • THESE COLLECTIVELY ARE KNOWN AS AFFIXES • THE PROCESS OF ADDING AN AFFIX IS CALLED AFFIXATION

INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES We are only 8! No more! • ALSO CALLED GRAMMATICAL MORPHEMES AS THEY SERVE A GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION • THEY DO NOT CHANGE THE INHERENT MEANING OF THE ROOT WORD, OR ITS WORD CLASS • THE EIGHT INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES ARE: • -S – SINGULAR VERB – MOVES, SWIMS, DUCKS, SHOOTS • -ED – PAST TENSE – SHOPPED, PLAYED, LIED • ING – PROGRESSIVE/PRESENT TENSE – SINGING, WISHING, CRYING, KISSING • -EN – PAST PARTICIPLE – TAKEN, FORGOTTEN, STRICKEN, BRIGHTEN • -S – PLURAL – BOOKS, DOGS, HOUSES, MUMS • -’S – POSSESSIVE – SUPERMAN’S, MISS WINTON’S, CHILDREN’S, LAVALLA’S • -ER – COMPARATIVE – TALLER, SHORTER, SWEETER, NICER, KINDER • -EST – SUPERLATIVE (MOST) – HOTTEST, TALLEST, SWEETEST, NICEST,

DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES We are many! Join us! • DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES CAN • FORM NEW LEXICAL ITEMS (NEW WORDS) • THEY CAN CHANGE THE MEANING OF A WORD • THEY CAN CHANGE ITS WORD CLASS • DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES INCLUDE: • UN – OPPOSITIONAL – UNHAPPY, UNKIND, UNINTERESTED • NESS – WORD CLASS CONVERSION – HAPPY (ADJ) TO HAPPINESS (NOUN) • DIS – OPPOSITIONAL – DISHONEST, DISORGANISED

BOUND AND FREE MORPHEMES • ALL INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES ARE BOUND – THEY ARE NOT WORDS IN THEIR OWN RIGHT • SOME DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES ARE BOUND, MANY ARE FREE – THEY CAN BE WORDS IN THEIR OWN RIGHT • LIPSTICK • CARDBOARD • PICKAXE • POLICEMAN

CONTRACTIONS • CONTRACTIONS CAN ALSO CHANGE THE MORPHOLOGY OF A WORD • CAN’T • WON’T • I’M • THEY’LL

WORD CLASSES • 11 WORD CLASSES • SOME ARE CONTENT/OPEN CLASS WORDS – THEY CARRY REAL WORLD MEANING WITHIN THE SENTENCE, THEY ADMIT NEW MEMBERS – NOUNS, VERBS, ADVERBS AND ADJECTIVES • SOME ARE FUNCTION/CLOSED CLASS WORDS – THEY ARE THE GRAMMATICAL LINKS BETWEEN CONTENT WORDS, THEY DON’T OFTEN ADMIT NEW MEMBERS – CONJUNCTIONS, PREPOSITIONS, PRONOUNS, DETERMINERS, AUXILIARY AND MODAL VERBS, INTERJECTIONS

NOUNS • COMMON – BOOK, TREE, PEN • PROPER – MR FREEMAN, AUSTRALIA, THE OLYMPIC GAMES, THE MCG • ABSTRACT – ENVY, JEALOUSY, LUST, POWER • COLLECTIVE – CLASS, SCHOOL, PARTY, DELEGATION • COUNT NOUNS CAN BE COUNTED – BIKE/BIKES, WOMAN/WOMEN, CAKE/CAKES • MASS NOUNS CAN’T BE COUNTED – CLUTTER, MESS, MILK, SAND, WATER

PRONOUNS • REPLACE THE NAME OF A NOUN • HE, SHE, THEY, THEM, US, WE, YOU, THOSE, THAT

ADJECTIVES • NAME ATTRIBUTES OF NOUNS • TALL, SMALL, KIND, UGLY, PRETTY, GRACEFUL, CLUMSY, STUPID, AGGRESSIVE

ADVERBS • MODIFY ADJECTIVES, VERBS OR OTHER VERBS • ADDS INFORMATION ABOUT THE MANNER (HOW), PLACE, TIME OR DEGREE • QUIETLY, LAZILY (MANNER) • UPSTAIRS, DOWN, HERE, AWAY (PLACE) • TODAY, TOMORROW, YESTERDAY, AGO, SOON, ALL DAY (TIME) • VERY, SO, HARDLY, TOTALLY, WHOLLY, PARTIALLY (DEGREE)

VERBS • THE ACTION WORDS WHICH DESCRIBE THE STATE, ACTION OR OCCURRENCE • HEAR, BECOME, EXIST, BREATH, HAPPEN, SWIM, TALK, SLEEP

MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS • EXPRESS POSSIBILITY OF AN ACTION • CAN NOT BE CONJUGATED (GIVEN A DIFFERENT FORM) • MAY, MIGHT, COULD, CAN, WILL, WON’T, SHALL, SHOULD, WOULD

PRIMARY AUXILIARY VERBS/AUXILIARY VERBS • A HELPER VERB – HELPS TO FORM THE TENSES, MOODS AND VOICES OF OTHER VERBS • CAN BE CONJUGATED • ONLY 3 – BE, DO, HAVE • THEIR CONJUGATIONS INCLUDE; • BEEN, WAS, IS, DID, DOING, DOES, HAD, HAVING, HAS

PREPOSITION • A WORD GOVERNING AND OFTEN PRECEDING A NOUN OR PRONOUN • DESCRIBES LOCATION, TIMING OR DIRECTION • FROM, TOWARD, TO (DIRECTION) • UNDERNEATH, BESIDE, OVER, ON, IN (LOCATION) • BEFORE, AFTER, DURING (TIMING)

HOW DO I TELL AN ADVERB FROM A PREPOSITION? ? ADVERBS MODIFY ADJECTIVES, VERBS AND OTHER ADVERBS PREPOSITIONS GOVERN NOUNS AND PRONOUNS

DETERMINERS (AMERICAN: ARTICLES) • INTRODUCE AND PROVIDE SOME DESCRIPTION OF NOUNS • CAN BE DEFINITE – THAT, THOSE, THE • CAN BE INDEFINITE – A, AN

CONJUNCTIONS • A WORD WHICH JOINS SENTENCES, PHRASES OR IDEAS • AND, BECAUSE, ALTHOUGH, IN ADDITION, WHILST, SO, NOR

FANBOYS – ACRONYM TO REMEMBER CONJUNCTIONS WHICH MAKE SIMPLE SENTENCE NOR AND FOR BUT OR YET SO

INTERJECTIONS • SUPER FUN WORDS WHICH SHOW EMOTION! • OFTEN FOLLOWED BY A PIECE OF PUNCTUATION – EXCLAMATION, COMMA

ACTIVITIES • P. 22, Q. 10 • P. 23, Q. 11 • P. 24, Q. 12 • P. 25, Q. 13