MEASLES DR JAYAPRAKASH K P ASSO PROF PEDIATRICS

MEASLES DR JAYAPRAKASH. K. P ASSO. PROF. PEDIATRICS ICH, GOVT MEDICAL COLLEGE KOTTAYAM

LEARNING OBJECTIVES • • To list essential features of clinical measles To list 2 complications of measles To write a treatment protocol for measles To suggest 2 interventions for prevention

AETIOLOGY • Measles virus is a single-stranded, lipidenveloped RNA virus in the family Paramyxoviridae and genus Morbillivirus

TRANSMISSION • The portal of entry of measles virus is through the respiratory tract or conjunctivae following contact with large droplets or small-droplet aerosols in which the virus is suspended. • Patients are infectious from 3 days before to up to 4 -6 days after the onset of rash.

PATHOLOGY • Measles infection causes necrosis of the respiratory tract epithelium and an accompanying lymphocytic infiltrate. • Measles produces small vessel vasculitis on the skin and on the oral mucous membranes.

PATHOGENESIS • Measles consists of 4 phases: • incubation period, prodromal illness, exanthematous phase, and recovery

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS • Measles is a serious infection characterized by high fever, an enanthem, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and a prominent exanthem. • After an incubation period of 8 -12 days, the prodromal phase begins with a mild fever followed by the onset of conjunctivitis with photophobia, coryza, a prominent cough, and increasing fever

• Koplik spots represent the enanthem and are the pathognomonic sign of measles, appearing 1 -4 days prior to the onset of the rash. • They first appear as discrete red lesions with bluish white spots in the center on the inner aspects of the cheeks at the level of the premolars

• The rash begins on the forehead (around the hairline), behind the ears, and on the upper neck as a red maculopapular eruption. • It then spreads downward to the torso and extremities, reaching the palms and soles in up to 50% of cases. • The exanthem frequently becomes confluent on the face and upper trunk

• With the onset of the rash, symptoms begin to subside. The rash fades over about 7 days in the same progression as it evolved, often leaving a fine desquamation of skin in its wake. • Of the major symptoms of measles, the cough lasts the longest, often up to 10 days

LAB INV • The diagnosis of measles is almost always based on clinical and epidemiologic finding

D/D • rubella, adenovirus infection, enterovirus infection, and Epstein-Barr virus infection. Exanthem subitum (in infants) and erythema infectiosum. • Group A streptococcus may also produce rashes similar to that of measles. • Kawasaki syndrome can cause many of the same findings as measles

COMPLICATIONS • Pneumonia is the most common cause of death in measles. The most common bacterialpathogens are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and. Staphylococcus aureus. • Acute otitis media is the most common complication of measles

• Diarrhea and vomiting are common symptoms associated with acute measles • MALNUTRITION, VIT A DEFICIENCY • Febrile seizures, Measles encephalitis

• Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a chronic complication of measles with a delayed onset and an outcome that is nearly always fatal. • It appears to result from a persistent infection with an altered measles virus that is harbored intracellularly in the central nervous system for several years.

TREATMENT • Management of measles is supportive. • Vitamin A should be administered once daily for 2 days at doses of 200, 000 IU for children 12 mo of age or older; 100, 000 IU for infants 6 mo through 11 mo of age; and 50, 000 IU for infants younger than 6 mo of age. • In children with signs and symptoms of vitamin A deficiency, a 3 rd age-appropriate dose is recommended 2 through 4 wk after the 2 nd dose.

PREVENTION • Patients shed measles virus from 7 days after exposure to 4 -6 days after the onset of rash. Exposure of susceptible individuals to patients with measles should be avoided during this period. • MEASLES VACCINE AT 9 MONTHS &18 MONTHS

POST EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS • The vaccine is effective in prevention or modification of measles if given within 72 hr of exposure. • Immune globulin may be given up to 6 days after exposure to prevent or modify infection

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