Manifest Destiny Expansion into the West West Texas
- Slides: 40
Manifest Destiny Expansion into the West: West Texas, Oregon, & California
Trends in Antebellum America: 1800 -1860 Greater democracy & the return of the two-party system 2. Temperance, Emergence of a national market Abolition, Women’s Rights, Cult of Domesticity, Education. Universal & Asylum Reform Transcendentalism Secondwhite Great economy Democrats vs. Whigs manhood Awakening suffrage 3. Increase in federal power American System: Riseintellectual in industry, & religious 4. New transportation, nd BUS urbanization, immigration tariff, 2 movements Jefferson’s purchase Jackson’s use of “King Cotton, ” commercialthe farming, 5. Social reforms of Louisiana veto slave vs. paid labor systems 6. Further westward expansion 1.
John Jedediah C Fremont Smith 1843 -1844 1822 -1830 mapped was thethe Western Exploration 1800 -1830 st overland 1 American trails toto. Oregon explore&California Major Stephen Long 1819 -1820 Zebulon Pike 1806 -1807 explored the mapped the Great Plains Mountains & tried to Great Plains & Rocky scare off British fur trappers Lewis & Clark 1804 -1806 were part of 1 st U. S. sponsored western exploratory mission
Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny n The spread of settlers beyond U. S. borders led to widespread calls for annexation of newly-settled lands n The term “Manifest Destiny” was 1 st used in 1845 by newspaper editor John O’Sullivan, who said: – God wants the USA (“His chosen nation”) to become stronger – Expansion of American democracy & economic opportunities were a good thing
“American Progress” by John Gast, 1872
Joseph Smith’s murder. Trails led to resettlement Western in Salt Lake, Utah where Brigham Young built a. The Mormon (“Deseret”) Santacommunity Fe Trail allowed the U. S. to sell goods to Texas In 1857, Mormon Utah became a U. S. territory & Young was named governor The Oregon The California Trail led to Trail massive allowed immigration Joseph Smith founded the Mormon of western traders farmers & ranchers in 1840 s to & move demands to to end Church in 1830, but were persecuted in the joint California U. S. -British in 1830 s occupation & 1840 s of Oregon the East for their unorthodox beliefs
The Oregon Trail – Albert Bierstadt, 1869
th 19 Century US Territorial Expansion: Maine Texas Oregon California
Maine
Canada Territorial Expansion by Mid-19 th Century • In 1839, fighting broke out between residents in Maine & Canada over the disputed Maine border • Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842): • The U. S. received ½ the disputed land • Established a clear border in Maine
The. Maine Aroostook War (“Lumberjack’s Boundary Settlement, War”) 1842 was fought over lumbering in disputed territories And that’s the end of that! No more Maine issues
Texas
Territorial Expansion by Mid-19 th Century Texas • In 1821, Mexico won independence from Spain • The new Mexican government opted for a free-trade policy with USA • Thousands of U. S. speculators moved to Texas
n In The Texas Revolution the 1820 s, Mexico encouraged “Texans” ignored the Mexican ban on slavery U. S. immigration to Texas but “Texans” refusedemerged to convertbetween to Catholicism problems “Anglos” & the new Mexican gov’t –Texans never fully accepted Mexican rules –In 1834, Santa Anna became dictator & was viewed as threat “Texans” refused to pay import duties to Texans’ interests “Texans” wanted self-rulebroke like in out the U. S. n An armed rebellion in 1835, led by Stephen F. Austin
The Republic of Texas (1836 -1845) n In 1836 Texans declared their independence from Mexico & wrote a national constitution n But the war for independence still had to be fought
Texans were defeated at the Alamo Texans were defeated at Goliad In May 1836, Santa Anna recognized Texas’ independence & its territory to the Rio Grande But…Texans won at San Jacinto & captured General Santa Anna
The Republic of Texas n Sam Houston was the 1 st president of the Republic of Texas asked Texas’ population soared & from 30, 000 to 142, 000 by 1845 the U. S. to make Texas a state n Presidents Jackson & Van Buren both refused to annex Texas (to avoid arguments over slavery) n Texas offered free land grants to U. S. settlers; white families in search of land & opportunity moved to Texas in 1830 s & 1840 s
Tyler and Texas n In 1844, President Tyler called for the annexation of Texas: –Tyler (Whig) & Calhoun (Dem) created a propaganda campaign thatneeded England wanted Tyler to make Texas a campaign issue in the election of 1844 because he –Northern Senators did not fall had been kicked out of the Whig Party & for it & refused to ratify the hoped to appeal to the common man treaty to annex Texas –Tyler was not nominated by either party in the 1844 election
n In Polkfirst &“dark Texas Annexation The horse” candidate 1844, the Whigs nominated Henry Clay & the Democrats Appealed to the South nominated James Polk n Polk won on expansionist platform – Called for Texas annexation – Called for an end to the joint U. S. -British control of Oregon n Polk & Congress interpreted the Appealed to the North election as mandate for expansion & Texas was quickly made a state
Mexican-American War n Causes of the Mexican War: –Mexico recognized Texas’ independence & U. S. annexation, but disagreed over Texas’ southern border –In May 1846, Polk sent U. S. General Zachary Taylor beyond the Rio Grande River which led to the Mexican-American War
John C Fremont won The Mexican-American War in California The disputed Zachary Taylor won in area of Texas northern Mexico Stephen Kearney captured New Mexico Winfield Scott captured Mexico City
Not everyone supported War the Opposition to the Mexican-American War Whigs opposed it Northerners saw it as a Southern “slave-power” plot to extend slavery
the Mexican War The. Ending U. S. grew 20% by adding thein Added the Gadsden Purchase Mexican. U. S. Cession (present-day NM, the AZ, war n In 1848, & to Mexico 1853 build a ended southern NV, of&Guadalupe parts ofrailroad CO &Hidalgo: WY with. CA, the. Utah, Treaty Hidalgo transcontinental The Rio Grande became the recognized U. S. southern border
Oregon
th Century Oregon Territorial Expansion by Mid-19 • U. S. & Britain jointly occupied Oregon (Spain relinquished its claims to Oregon in the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819) • Britain claimed a greater stake of Oregon via Hudson Bay Co. (fur trade)
The Oregon Boundary Dispute But, the USA & England Oregon residents compromised & demanded the divided Oregon entire territory: In 1846, President Polk notified Britain along that 49 th the “ 54º 40’ or fight!” U. S. wanted full control of Oregon parallel in 1846
Territorial Expansion by Mid-19 th Century Benefits of Oregon: Oregon the U. S. gained its 1 st deep-water port in the Pacific & Northern abolitionists saw Oregon as a balance to slave-state Texas
California
Territorial Expansion by Mid-19 th Century California • In 1833, the new Mexican gov’t awarded land grants to rancheros who quickly replaced the missionary padres • In 1830 s, the U. S. was eager to enter the cowhide trade
The Bear Flag Republic Like Texas, settlers California operated as an n California independent nation; the California used John Republic existed for one month from Fremont’s June 1846 to July 1846 when it was annexed of by the United States occupation California became a U. S. state as California during of the Compromise of 1850 the part Mexican- American War as an opportunity to revolt from Mexico in 1846
The California Gold Rush n The discovery of gold in 1848 led to a massive influx of prospectors in 1849 (the “forty-niners”): –Few miners struck it rich –The real money made in CA was in supplying miners with food, saloons, & provisions –The gold rush led to a population boom, increase in agriculture, & multicultural Californian society
Where the 49 ers Came From
Immigration …and to California global was national n San Francisco before the gold rush n San Francisco after the gold rush
Conclusions: Conclusions The Costs of Expansion
The Costs of Expansion n The impact of territorial expansion: –Historian Fredrick Jackson Turner noted in the 1890 s that expansion shaped Americans into an adventurous, optimistic, & democratic people –But, expansion created sectional conflicts between the North & South, especially over slavery
U. S. Territorial Expansion
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