LANGUAGE and IDENTITY IN PAKISTAN TARIQ RAHMAN Ph

LANGUAGE and IDENTITY IN PAKISTAN TARIQ RAHMAN Ph. D D. Litt (Sheffield) DISTINGUISHED NATIONAL PROFESSOR EMERITUS, Pakistan

Linguistic Map of Pakistan

LANGUAGE-SPEAKERS IN 1951 LANGUAGE PERCENTAGE OF SPEAKERS BENGALI 55. 6 PER CENT PUNJABI 29. 0 PER CENT * URDU 7. 3 PER CENT SINDHI 5. 9 PER CENT PASHTO 4. 9 PER CENT BALOCHI 1. 5 PER CENT * MOTHER-TONGUE SPEAKERS ONLY. OUT OF THESE 1. 1 PER CENT OF THE POPULATION LIVED IN EAST BENGAL. SOURCE: CENSUS 1951: TABLE 7 A SPEECH

Language Percentage of Number of Speakers Punjabi 44. 15 66, 225, 000 Pashto 15. 42 23, 130, 000 Sindhi 14. 10 21, 150, 000 Siraiki 10. 53 15, 795, 000 Urdu 7. 57 11, 355, 000 Balochi 3. 57 5, 355, 000 Others 4. 66 6, 990, 000 Source: Census 2001: Table 2. 7. The population is assumed to be 150 million in 2003 as it was 132, 352, 000 in 1998 and the growth rate is 2. 69 per cent.

TYPES OF IDENTITIES § POLITICAL § GENDER § CLASS § RELIGIOUS

LANGUAGE PLANNING ALL KINDS OF LP—STATUS PLANNING, CORPUS PLANNING, ACQUISITION PLANNING—HAVE POLITICAL AIMS AMONG OTHERS. THE STATUS OF A LANGUAGE (WILL IT BE A NATIONAL LANGUAGE? AN OFFICIAL ONE? ETC) IS DECIDED BY THE RULING ELITE IN ITS PERCEIVED INTEREST; QUESTIONS OF WHAT SCRIPT TO WRITE IT IN, WHAT WORDS TO USE, WHAT NEW TERMS TO DEVISE REFER TO QUESTIONS OF IDENTITY (CORPUS); AND PLANNING TO SPREAD THE USE OF A LANGUAGE (ACQUISITION) THROUGH THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM AND THE MEDIA ALSO REFERS TO THE PERCEIVED INTERESTS OF THE ELITE (COOPER 1989: 31 -33)

THEORETICAL CONCEPTS POWER? DOMAINS OF POWER (GOVERNMENT, ADMINISTRATION, JUDICIARY, MILITARY, KNOWLEDGE INDUSTRY (EDUCATION; RESEARCH), MEDIA, COMMERCE, ENTERTAINMENT ETC. IDENTITY PRIMORDIALISM INSTRUMENTALISM RATIONAL/EXTRA-RATIONAL MOTIVATION. LANGUAGE AS A SYMBOL/TOOL FOR POLITICAL CONFLICT (A) ETHNIC (HORIZONTAL) (B) CLASS (VERTICAL) AND IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION.

ETHNIC CONFLICT THE BENGALI LANGUAGE MOVEMENT TAMUDDUN MAJLIS AND THE DEMAND FOR BANGLA. THE 1948 BENGALI MOVEMENT (BHASHA ONDOLAN). THE 1951 BHASHA ONDOLAN AND EKUSHE TWO-ECONOMY THEORY. THE CREATION OF BANGLADESH.

ETHNIC CONFLICT THE SINDHI LANGUAGE MOVEMENT HINDUS IN SINDH BEFORE 1947 MOHAJIRS IN URBAN SINDH THE GRIEVANCES OF SINDHIS THE 1971 SINDHI-URDU CONTROVERSY THE 1972 SINDHI-URDU CONTROVERSY SINDHI IDENTITY AND SINDHI

ETHNIC CONFLICT THE PASHTO LANGUAGE MOVEMENT PASHTO AS A SYMBOL OF PASHTUN IDENTITY KHAN GHAFFAR AND PASHTO THE DEMAND FOR PASHTUNISTAN/ PAKHTUNKHWA THE CONTAINMENT OF THE PASHTO MOVEMENT PASHTO AS A SYMBOL OF PASHTUN IDENTITY.

ETHNIC CONFLICT BALOCHI/BRAHVI LANGUAGE MOVEMENTS BALOCHISTAN AS AN ETHNICALLY DIVIDED PROVINCE. THE DARKHANI SCHOOL. BALOCHI/BRAHVI LANGUAGE MOVEMENT IN KARACHI/QUETTA. BALOCHI IN IRAN. THE MILITANT CHALLENGE TO THE CENTRE. THE POTENTIAL FOR UNREST.

ETHNIC CONFLICT THE SIRAIKI MOVEMENT DIFFERENT NAMES FOR THE VARIETIES OF THE LANGUAGE OF SOUTHERN PUNJAB. THE BAHAWALPUR SUBA MAHAZ. THE MULTAN CONFERENCE AND THE NAME OF SIRAIKI. THE SIRAIKI GRIEVANCES.

ETHNIC IDENTITY THE PUNJABI LANGUAGE MOVEMENT WHY PUNJABI WAS NOT RECOGNIZED AS THE VERNACULAR LANGUAGE OF THE PUNJAB. THE BRITISH, HINDU AND MUSLIM INDIFFERENCE TOWARDS PUNJABI (CONTEMPT? CULTURE-SHAME? ALIENATION? POLITICAL EXPEDIENCY? ) PUNJABI AS A SIKH LANGUAGE. STATE SUSPICION OF PUNJABI. EFFORTS BY SUPPORTERS OF PUNJABI.

CLASS CONFLICT LANGUAGE AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CLASS LANGUAGE AS A MARKER OF CLASS. CULTURAL CAPITAL IN LANGUAGE. THE MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION AND CLASSBASED EDUCATION. MADRASSAS VERNACULAR MEDIUM ENGLISH-MEDIUM EDUCATION APARTHEID AND WORLD VIEW. THE POTENTIAL FOR VIOLENCE.

Words as Constructors of Gender 1. Gender discrimination (manliness=mardangi; immodesty=besharmi; honour=izzat). 2. Male normativity a. Banda kya Kare? What can a man do? b. Plural for respect/ verb is gendered as male ( tusi ae so= you (M) come (M). 3. Hiding of females a. ghar wale (people of the house). b. family (wife). c. bachchi (girl-child).

Words as Constructors of Class TERM USED MEANING IMPLICATIONS PARHE LIKHE LOG EDUCATED PEOPLE URBAN, PROFESSIONAL MIDDLE CLASS AND ABOVE ACCHA KHANDAN GOOD FAMILY WEALTHY PEOPLE SHARIF LOG DECENT PEOPLE UPPER AND MIDDLE -CLASS PEOPLE PEECHE SE RAEES RICH SINCE MANY WEALTHY--MOST GENERATIONS PROBABLY FROM INCOME FROM LAND. KHATE PEETE THOSE WHO HAVE AFFLUENT ENOUGH TO EAT AND DRINK

Words as Constructors of Religious Identity 1. Daheria (Worldly, temporal but it implies godless, atheist). 2. La deen (without religion. It is used for secular people and worldview). 3. Secular (is becoming a term of social condensation close to (1) and (2) in Pakistan.