History of Oceanography 4 Twentieth century oceanography Voyage

  • Slides: 22
Download presentation
History of Oceanography 4

History of Oceanography 4

Twentieth century oceanography

Twentieth century oceanography

Voyage of the Meteor First drilling ship Ship was commissioned by Germany Set the

Voyage of the Meteor First drilling ship Ship was commissioned by Germany Set the standard for multidisciplinary studies of the Ocean. Mapped the ocean bottom by echo sounding and took multiple depth temperature and salinity readings. Meteor sailed for 25 months April 1925 to June 1927.

Oceanography gets institutionalized Musée océanographic – Europe Scripps institution of Oceanography (1 st institute

Oceanography gets institutionalized Musée océanographic – Europe Scripps institution of Oceanography (1 st institute in U. S. ) – California Woods Hole Ocean. Inst. (Boston) Lamont Geological Observatory - New York Rosenstiel school of Marine & Atmosphere Sciences - Miami Texas A&M University administered The Ocean Drilling Program

SCRIPPS

SCRIPPS

Woods Hole

Woods Hole

Lamont

Lamont

The expansion of oceanography German U-boat led to the invention of the echo sounder

The expansion of oceanography German U-boat led to the invention of the echo sounder to detect submarines. WW II military performed and supported many studies on transmission of sound in the ocean waves, currents, and ocean- floor topography. After WW II the U. S. government established a Sea Grant program to fund ocean research.

Large-scale and international oceanographic research The Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) was the 1

Large-scale and international oceanographic research The Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) was the 1 st large-scale cooperative effort in academic ocean research. The Glomar Challenger began 1 st leg of deep sea drilling. The deep sea drilling project became the ocean drilling program (ODP). The ODP drill ship JOIDES Resolution, which is a lot larger than the Glomar Challenger, conducted its first scientific cruise and the JOIDES program continues today.

The history behind plate tectonic theory In 1915, Alfred Wegener developed theory of continental

The history behind plate tectonic theory In 1915, Alfred Wegener developed theory of continental drift. He conceived of a single ancient landmass called Pangaea that began to break 180 million years ago. Fredrick Vine and Drummond Matthews provided evidence for sea floor spreading in 1963 They mapped magnetic patterns of the ocean floor, which showed parallel bands of similarly magnetized reaches on either side of oceanic mountain ranges. Which were records of changes in Earth’s magnetic field over time

Humans invade the deep ocean Increased pressure on body cavities and gases dissolved in

Humans invade the deep ocean Increased pressure on body cavities and gases dissolved in body tissues limits duration of dives. Decompressing is necessary at greater depths because rapid ascending turns dissolved gases in tissues into nitrogen. These nitrogen bubbles can stop blood flow. This is know as the bends and is extremely painful illness which can be fatal. To protect oneself, a strict decompression schedule which includes stopping at different depths Jim suit allows a person to repair machinery at the ocean floor at surface pressure

Submersibles William Beebe- descended to a depth of 923 meters off Bermuda in a

Submersibles William Beebe- descended to a depth of 923 meters off Bermuda in a tethered bathysphere to observe deep-sea life. Jacques Piccard- designed untethered vessel Trieste – 1960. Alvin, Sea Cliff- 2 most widely used submersibles. Japan’s Shinkai- to study microbes in the deep sea.

Trieste (1960) The bathyscaphe, Trieste, descends to 10, 915 meters Into Marianas Trench Deepest

Trieste (1960) The bathyscaphe, Trieste, descends to 10, 915 meters Into Marianas Trench Deepest depth in the ocean

Submersibles Factors of manned sub: Risk to human life High cost of the systems

Submersibles Factors of manned sub: Risk to human life High cost of the systems required Relatively short time that can be spent making observations Advantages of ROVs (remotely operated vehicles) No risk to humans Can make computer-assisted maps (based on sonar) Stay down in water for a long time Autonomous Underwater Vehicles Programmed to carry out specific data gatherings missions of long durations without human life

A. U. V. s vs. R. O. V. s

A. U. V. s vs. R. O. V. s

Living under the sea Jacques Cousteaubegan designing and testing the underwater living chamber in

Living under the sea Jacques Cousteaubegan designing and testing the underwater living chamber in the 1950 s In the 1970 s teams lived in undersea chambers for up to 60 days May be placed on ocean floor or suspended Can respond and equalize to any pressure Invented the aqualung in 1942 with co-inventor Emile Gagnon.

Aquarius Owned by NOAA and operated by FUI it is located in 60 ft

Aquarius Owned by NOAA and operated by FUI it is located in 60 ft of water 4. 5 Km off the coast of Key Largo, Florida.

Remote sensing Sometimes the ocean is observed from space; temp. , ice cover, color,

Remote sensing Sometimes the ocean is observed from space; temp. , ice cover, color, etc. can all be measured. Seasat A - 1 st dedicated oceanographic satellite. Nimbus 7 - mapped phyto-plankton populations. TOPEX/ Poseidon- mapped global sea levels and obtained data on ocean –atmosphere interaction. Global Positioning system (GPS) - allows ships to determine their positions to with in a meter

SEASAT A

SEASAT A

TOPEX / POSEIDON

TOPEX / POSEIDON

Terms & Equipment Secchi disk- determines the transparency of water Core Sampler- takes core

Terms & Equipment Secchi disk- determines the transparency of water Core Sampler- takes core samples of sediments Hydrometer- determines the density of water Dredge- scoops up marine life Alvin- famous submarine that explored the deep sea

Terms & Equipment Side-scan sonar- sonar that can scan in all directions Current meter-

Terms & Equipment Side-scan sonar- sonar that can scan in all directions Current meter- determines the speed and direction of the current Underwater camera Flip- a bottle like vessel that can flip sideways in the water Purse seine net- used to capture schools of fish

Review Test 5 Twentieth Century Art Twentieth CenturyReview Test 5 Twentieth Century Art Twentieth Century
Intro to Oceanography What is Oceanography Oceanography theIntro to Oceanography What is Oceanography Oceanography the
Oceanography What is Oceanography Oceanography is the studyOceanography What is Oceanography Oceanography is the study
The Twentieth Century A Century of Change forThe Twentieth Century A Century of Change for
American Theater Early Twentieth Century PreTwentieth Century MostAmerican Theater Early Twentieth Century PreTwentieth Century Most
The twentieth century may be called the centuryThe twentieth century may be called the century
Article Why is the Twentieth Century the CenturyArticle Why is the Twentieth Century the Century
Fashion History Fashions of the Twentieth Century 1900Fashion History Fashions of the Twentieth Century 1900
Exploring Twentieth Century Latin America History of LatinExploring Twentieth Century Latin America History of Latin
CLIL HISTORY THE TWENTIETH CENTURY Prof ssa MagnaniCLIL HISTORY THE TWENTIETH CENTURY Prof ssa Magnani
Unit 7 Twentieth Century Since 1945 Global HistoryUnit 7 Twentieth Century Since 1945 Global History
Pentecostal Pioneers Any history of the twentieth centuryPentecostal Pioneers Any history of the twentieth century
History of Canada in the twentieth century andHistory of Canada in the twentieth century and
Immigration and American History The Twentieth Century DrImmigration and American History The Twentieth Century Dr
Unit 7 Twentieth Century Since 1945 Global HistoryUnit 7 Twentieth Century Since 1945 Global History
Unit 2 Twentieth century history 1945 2000 AreaUnit 2 Twentieth century history 1945 2000 Area
History of Oceanography Why study historic oceanography nHistory of Oceanography Why study historic oceanography n
History of Oceanography Why study historic oceanography IntegralHistory of Oceanography Why study historic oceanography Integral
Chapter 19 The Twentieth Century The Early YearsChapter 19 The Twentieth Century The Early Years
EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY TIME PERIOD 1900 1945 KEYEARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY TIME PERIOD 1900 1945 KEY
Russia at the start of the twentieth centuryRussia at the start of the twentieth century