Immigration and American History The Twentieth Century Dr

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Immigration and American History: The Twentieth Century Dr. Marni Davis Assistant Professor of History

Immigration and American History: The Twentieth Century Dr. Marni Davis Assistant Professor of History Georgia State University

1920 s - 2000: Three Frameworks • Changes in federal immigration POLICY • DEMOGRAPHIC

1920 s - 2000: Three Frameworks • Changes in federal immigration POLICY • DEMOGRAPHIC transformations • Evolution of ATTITUDES toward immigration and immigrants After dinner: THE SOUTH

The closing of the gates … • 1921: Quota Act limited immigration to 3%

The closing of the gates … • 1921: Quota Act limited immigration to 3% of nationality in U. S. in 1910 • 1924: Johnson-Reed Act further limited immigration by national origin (2% / 1890) SAMPLE ANNUAL QUOTAS AFTER 1924 Germany 51, 227 Poland 5, 982 Africa (except Egypt) 1, 100 Great Britain 34, 007 Italy 3, 845 Armenia 124 Ireland 28, 567 Hungary 473 Australia 121 Sweden 9, 561 Russia 2, 248 Palestine 100 Norway 6, 453 Yugoslavia 671 Syria 100 France 3, 954 Romania 603 Turkey 100 TOTAL ANNUAL IMMIGRANT QUOTA: 164, 667 (http: //historymatters. gmu. edu/d/5078/)

IMMIGRATION “WAVES” 1924 -1964 1) Refugees Ø 1943: Chinese Exclusion Act repealed Ø 1948:

IMMIGRATION “WAVES” 1924 -1964 1) Refugees Ø 1943: Chinese Exclusion Act repealed Ø 1948: Displaced Persons Act (202, 000 annually) Ø Residents of Communist nations seeking asylum 2) Transborder populations Ø Quota Acts of 1920 s did not restrict migrants from Western Hemisphere Canadians (1. 4 million) Mexicans (840, 000 immigrants; 4. 7 million guest workers)

Why do immigrants emigrate? The PUSH and the PULL Ø PUSH • Cataclysm or

Why do immigrants emigrate? The PUSH and the PULL Ø PUSH • Cataclysm or crisis in home country • Persecution • Reduction of economic opportunity Ø PULL • Attraction of destination country • Reduced costs of migration • Economic opportunity: jobs, land • Chain migration (kin networks, neighbors)

MEXICANS IN THE U. S. 1920 s-1960 s Ø 1920 s: agricultural migrant labor

MEXICANS IN THE U. S. 1920 s-1960 s Ø 1920 s: agricultural migrant labor Ø 1930 s: 500, 000 Mexicans forcibly repatriated Ø Bracero Program (1942 -64) Ø Operation Wetback (1950 -55) http: //www. museumca. org/picturethis/pictures/mexicanworkers-are-seen-arriving-train-1942 -part-bracero-program http: //mexicanborder. web. unc. edu/the-bracero-program-3/

Immigration and Nationality Act (1965) Ø End of national origins quota system Ø Raised

Immigration and Nationality Act (1965) Ø End of national origins quota system Ø Raised number of visas from 150, 000 to 290, 000: max. 20, 000 from any country Ø Set visa ceilings for both Eastern and Western Hemispheres Ø Created preference for families of immigrants already here and naturalized The liberalization of immigration policy: reopening the gates but also The creation of the “illegal” Mexican immigrant

Ten Countries with Largest Population in U. S. (as % of total foreign born)

Ten Countries with Largest Population in U. S. (as % of total foreign born) 1960 1980 2000 SOURCES Migration Policy Institute : http : //www. migrationinformation. org/datahub/historicaltrends. cfm# source New York Times Interactive Map: http: //www. nytimes. com/interactive/2009/03/10/us/20090310 immigration- explorer. html

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