GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS INFLUENCED EUROPEAN EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT IN

GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS INFLUENCED EUROPEAN EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT IN NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA Level 2

VOCABULARY • Mother Country: a country that created a colony • Colony: a group of people who leave their mother country to start a new settlement but are still under the rule of the mother country • Explorer: someone who investigates a new area • NW Passage: a sea route connecting Europe to Asia by connecting the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean • Mayflower Compact: made by the Pilgrims as an agreement of government • Missionary: a person sent by a church to spread the faith of the church

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS • How did weather and natural hazards affect the explorers? • What are the similarities between settlement locations? • What are the similarities and differences between “New England”, “New France”, “New Netherland”, and “New Spain”?

EFFECTS OF WEATHER AND NATURAL HAZARDS ON THE ATLANTIC CROSSINGS • Diseases on ships like scurvy led to a high death rate • Lack of food and clean water led to disease and malnutrition • Atlantic Ocean is more violent than the Mediterranean Sea that the explorers were more used to sailing which led to the sinking of ships • Making port proved difficult because of the lack of knowledge of the sea floor and led the ships to be damaged • Ships leaked in water and some sank • Weather such as hurricanes and tropical storms destroyed or damaged ships

• Short winters • Fertile soil • Settled near waterways • Mountains, island coastal plain • Natural Resources: fish, timber, beaver New Spain • Settled near waterways • Temperate to arctic climate short growing season • Natural resources: beaver, fish, trees • Mostly Plains New Netherland • Hills with rocky soil • Natural resources: fish, whales, trees, furs • Cold climate short growling season • Settled next to waterways New France New England CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTS WHERE DIFFERENT EUROPEANS SETTLED • Tropical to desert climate • High, rugged mountains, low coastal plains, high plateaus, desert, islands • Settled near waterways

THE DEVELOPMENT OF “NEW ENGLAND” • Massachusetts: – Original purpose: Religious Freedom for the Puritans – Pilgrims on the Mayflower • Navigation mistake sent them to Plymouth Massachusetts instead of Virginia – Signed the Mayflower Compact – Education was important in order to read the bible • • • Grammar schools were built Harvard was build in 1636 Rhode Island: – Roger Williams, kicked out of Massachusetts Bay, started Rhode Island – Wanted separation of church and state and religious freedom • • Connecticut: settled by Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonists in the 1630’s who wanted a more liberal and a more strict view of religion New Hampshire: was settled but didn’t have a royal charter until 1679 Economy: fishing, ship building and fur trading English Colonies

THE DEVELOPMENT OF “NEW FRANCE” Exploration of Cartier Exploration of Champlain

THE DEVELOPMENT OF “NEW FRANCE” • Why did the explorers come? – The King of France wanted them to find a trade route to Asia as well as gold and gems • Who came to New France to colonize? – Soldiers : came to build forts and protect against the Iroquois and then stayed – Catholics: • • Jesuits: Roman Catholic priests who set up schools for boys and converted Natives to Catholicism Ursuline Nuns: started schools for girls and helped convert the Natives – Fur Traders: The Company of 100 Associates controlled New France and the fur trade with the Natives until the King took over direct control of both the government and the fur trade – Farmers: owners of land granted to them by the King and those who worked and lived on the land (similar to sharecroppers) – Filles du Rois: mostly orphan girls were sent to encourage marriage for the large male population – Slaves: mostly Natives but also Africans • Territory: Eventually stretched to what is now Canada to New Orleans, Louisiana

THE DEVELOPMENT OF “NEW NETHERLAND” • Why did they come? – Dutch East India Company hired Englishman Hudson to explore to find the NW Passage to Asia; Hudson sailed up the Hudson River to Albany and claimed the area for the Dutch East India Co. • Who came? – Dutch West India Co. was founded and sent 30 families to what is now Manhattan to settle there and New Amsterdam was created (now NYC) • Economy: – Focused on the fur trade but eventually moved to food, timber, tobacco and the slave trade after the Dutch West India Co. gave up its claim to the area • Taken over by the English

THE DEVELOPMENT OF “NEW SPAIN” • Why did Spain come? – Gold, silver, convert Natives to Catholicism, land • Who came? – Families, adventurers and Catholic missionaries • Explorers: – – – De Soto De Leon Coronado Balboa Pizarro Cortez • Economy: sugar plantations and mining, farming, ranching • Colonized to protect their land claims

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS • How did weather and natural hazards affect the explorers? • What are the similarities between settlement locations? • What are the similarities and differences between “New England”, “New France”, “New Netherland”, and “New Spain”?