FOCUS and AFFIXES www seasite niu edutagalog Tagalog

FOCUS and AFFIXES www. seasite. niu. edu/tagalog Tagalog Grammar - VERBAL FOCUS

Actor Focus Verbal affixes • Indicate that the focus (actor) of the sentence is doing the action of the verb • The -UM- Verb • The MAG- Verb • The MA- Verb

The –UM Verbs This verb is formed by attaching the infix -UM- to the verb root. The -UM- affix always comes right before the first vowel of the root word. (samples are in the past tense/perfective aspect) – Kumain (kain) – Umalis (alis) – Tumakbo (takbo) – Pumunta (punta)

A major affix that is usually found in verbs denoting casual action and/or action not involving movement of an object external to the actor. Designates actor’s movement from one place to another Does not occur with roots/base words beginning with m or w

Sample sentences • Kumain siya kagabi. • Pumunta si Ate Marvs sa Nevada, Arizona, at California noong Disyembre. • Umalis ang tatay kanina.

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Mag- Verbs These verbs are formed by attaching the prefix MAG- to the verb root. Because MAG- is a prefix, it is always attached to the front of the word. Magbigay (bigay) – to give Magluto (luto) – to cook Maglaro (laro) – to play Maghanda (handa) – to prepare

A major actor focus affix that connotes deliberate action involving movement of an object external to the actor. In a sentence, this verb requires a object or ng phrase. Used in verbalization of borrowed words magbus magkompyuter magbasketbol

Sample Sentences (Past/Perfective) • Nagbasketbol siya kapahon. • Nagbigay si Mila ng mga regalo sa mga bata noong Pasko. • Nagluto ang nanay ng pansit kagabi.

Sample verbs that will take both um and mag affixes • Magbasa – bumasa • Magsulat – sumulat • Magsayaw – sumayaw

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Ma Verbs • This is verb that is used as an actor affix and in rare instances as an object affix. • It is also a prefix. – Matulog – to sleep – Maligo – to bathe – Matuto – tuto - to learn – Makinig – to listen – Mahuli – to be late – Nanood – to view or to watch

• Used with inactive verbs • As an Object affix (very rare) – Makita – to see • Nakita niya si Ben. (past) He/She saw Ben. – Mahalata – to notice • Nahalata ni Ben na galit ang tatay. Ben noticed that father is angry.

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Objects Focus Verbal Affixes These affixes indicate that the focus of the sentence is the object (receiver of the action). I verbs In verbs An Verbs

I- Affix • Often denotes action affecting the position of the goal but not causing a change in its structure. • This is usually the object affix counterpart of mag- verbs

• Itapon – to throw • Iuwi – to take home • Iakyat – to bring up/to take up • Ialok – to offer • Ilabas – to take out

Command form • Itapon mo ang basura sa labas. • Iuwi ninyo ang ulam para kay nanay. • Ilabas mo ang daing kasi mabaho.

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-In verbal affix • Denotes action radically affecting the goal/object such as those causing the change in its structure • It is a suffix; i. e. it is added at the end of the root. • Usually it is the object counterpart of –um. – Inumin – inom – to drink – Lutuin – luto – to drink – Tapusin – tapos – to finish *** in suffixation o changes to u

Cooking verbs • Tadtarin – tadtad – to chop • Hiwain – hiwa – to slice • Haluin – halo – to mix

Command Form • Haluin mo ang ulam. • Inumin ninyo ang gatas sa mesa. • Tapusin mo ang “homework” sa Tagalog. • Lutuin mo ang isda.

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-An Affix • Typically denotes actions affecting the surface or appearance of the goal but not causing a change of its structure • It is a suffix • Denote movement in relation to a goal • Denote action typically involving a human goal • Used in a few pseudo-verbs

• Affecting the appearance but not causing change – Hugasan – hugas – to wash – Walisan – walis – to sweep – Bukasan/buksan – bukas – to open – Sarahan/ sarhan – sara – to close *** han is used if final letter of the root is a vowel a

• Movement in relation to a goal – Abutan – abot – to pass something to – Dalahan/dalhan – dala – to bring something to – Lapitan – lapit – to approach someone – Puntahan – punta – to go to – Upuan – upo – to sit down on

• Action involving a human/animate goal – Halikan – halik – to kiss – Ngitian – ngiti- to smile at – Tulungan – tulong – to help

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