Fishes Amphibians Reptiles Mammals Monotremes Marsupials Placental Mammals

�Fishes �Amphibians �Reptiles �Mammals § Monotremes Marsupials Placental Mammals

GENERAL ANIMAL FEATURES The ancestral animals at the beginning of the evolutionary tree are: � 1. eukaryotic � 2. multicellular � 3. Animals are heterotrophic

MUSCULAR AND SKELETAL SYSTEMS: WORK TOGETHER TO PROVIDE SUPPORT FOR THE ORGANISM’S BODY 1. Invertebrates: � Have Exoskeletons which are: hard or tough outer coverings that provide a framework of support for soft body tissues 2. Vertebrates � Have Endoskeletons: internal bones (a backbone) or cartilage that provide support

� Symmetry: Similarity or balance among body structures of organisms � 3 TYPES OF SYMMETRY: Radial symmetry: if you were to slice the organism in any plane along it’s central axis, each side would roughly equal �Example: jellyfish � 2. Bilateral symmetry : if you were to slice the organism along its central axis each side would be mirror images of each other �Example: � hummingbird � 1.

Asymmetry: No symmetry �Example: sponge � 3.

� Fertilization occurs when the sperm penetrates the egg to form a fertilized egg cell called the zygote. � Internal fertilization: fertilization happens inside the female organism � External fertilization: fertilization happened outside of the female organism

� brain, the spinal cord, and nerves. � the nervous system is your body's control system. It sends, receives, and processes nerve impulses throughout the body. � These nerve impulses tell your muscles and organs what to do and how to respond to the environment. � There are three parts of your nervous system that work together: � 1. Central nervous system –main control system � 2. Peripheral nervous system- controls muscles � 3. Autonomic nervous system- control breathing and heart beat

1. Open circulatory system: blood is pumped out of vessels into open spaces surrounding the body organs (Contains NO blood vessels). -Oxygen and nutrients diffuse into tissues that are bathed in blood and carbon dioxide diffuses from tissues into the blood. � EX. � Mollusk

2. Closed circulatory system: -blood is confined to blood vessels as it moves through the body. -A closed system efficiently transports oxygen and nutrients to cells where they are converted to usable forms of energy.

Arthropod Features: 1. are segmented invertebrates � 2. have bilateral symmetry � 3 have exoskeletons with jointed appendages. �

� 1. Crustaceans 2. Spiders and their relatives (scorpions, ticks & mites)

� 3. Insects and their relatives (Centipedes and Millipedes) �

VERTEBRATE CHORDATES: The vertebral column, or spinal column, is the hallmark feature of vertebrates Examples: �Fishes �Amphibians �Reptiles �Birds �Mammals

� Skeletal system: Have back bone � Circulatory System: respiration through gills � Reproductive system: External fertilization of shell-less eggs

AMPHIBIANS: � Spend part of their life in the water. � They are the first step water animals took to become land animals � Fertilization is external and the shell-less eggs must be laid and fertilized in water. � Tadpoles hatch from the egg and undergo metamorphosis from a fishlike animal to an air-breathing one.

fully adapted to life on land. Characteristics that allow reptiles to succeed on land: � 1. Shelled egg – provides fluid environment for developing embryo � 2. Scaly skin: protects against moisture loss � 3. More efficient circulatory system & respiratory systems.

Along the Atlantic coastline of Southern Florida

� Amniotic egg is covered with a protective shell and has several internal membranes � The leathery shell protects the internal fluids and embryo

TEMPERATURE CONTROL � Reptiles regulate their body temperatures by basking in the sun for warmth or burrowing in the ground to cool off

� Reptiles have internal fertilization. � After fertilization, the egg develops to form the new embryo and an amniotic egg.

� Two characteristics that distinguish members of class Mammalia: � 1. Hair � 2. Mammary glands

MAMMAL CLASSIFICATION: � 1. Monotremes � 2. Marsupials � 3. Placental mammals

MONOTREMES � Are the only mammals that lay eggs � Duck-billed platypus & Echidna

MARSUPIALS: � Very short period of development in the uterus � Crawl into a pouch made of skin and hair and continue development while being nourished by milk from the mother’s mammary glands

§ Give birth to young that do not need further development.