EXPLANATIONS FOR PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Supernatural Tradition 14 th and

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EXPLANATIONS FOR PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

EXPLANATIONS FOR PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

Supernatural Tradition 14 th and 15 th century: People turned to sorcery and magic

Supernatural Tradition 14 th and 15 th century: People turned to sorcery and magic to solve their problems � Individuals with mental disorders were possessed by devils and witches �

Supernatural Tradition � Treatments included: � Exorcism � Shaving a cross in your hair

Supernatural Tradition � Treatments included: � Exorcism � Shaving a cross in your hair � Securing sufferers to a wall near the front of a church

Stress and Melancholy � During this time, an enlightened view of insanity came about

Stress and Melancholy � During this time, an enlightened view of insanity came about � Mental depression and anxiety were recognized as illnesses � Treatment was rest, sleep, and a happy and healthy environment

The Moon and Stars Some rejected notions of possession by the devil, suggesting instead

The Moon and Stars Some rejected notions of possession by the devil, suggesting instead that the movements of the moon and stars had a profound effect on people’s psychological functioning. � The word LUNATIC comes from the latin word luna, which means “moon”. �

The Biological Tradition � Hippocrates is considered the father of modern medicine (450 BC)

The Biological Tradition � Hippocrates is considered the father of modern medicine (450 BC) � Suggested psychological disorders could be treated like any other disease � Might also be caused by head or brain trauma � Could be influenced by heredity

Four Humours � Roman Physician Galen (129 198 AD) � Proposed that normal brain

Four Humours � Roman Physician Galen (129 198 AD) � Proposed that normal brain functioning is related to four bodily fluids or humours: �Blood from the heart �Black bile from the spleen �Yellow bile from the liver �Phlegm from the brain

4 Humours � Psychological disorders were caused by too much or too little of

4 Humours � Psychological disorders were caused by too much or too little of 1 of the 4 humours � Example: too much black bile caused depression � Excesses of one or more humours were treated by regulating the environment to increase or decrease heat, dryness, moisture, or cold.

Hysteria � On a side note, Hippocrates also coined the term HYSTERIA � It

Hysteria � On a side note, Hippocrates also coined the term HYSTERIA � It was noticed that it was mostly women who were crazy. They assumed that the empty uterus wandered to various parts of the body in search of conception. The cure was marriage or fumigation of the vagina to lure the uterus back.

Syphilis � � � Syphilis is caused by bacteria entering the brain It causes

Syphilis � � � Syphilis is caused by bacteria entering the brain It causes delusions and hallucinations Results in death Originally thought to be a psychological disorder, but it was the only one that caused death We now know it can be cured by antibiotics

John P. Grey In 1854, he proposed that insanity was ALWAYS due to physical

John P. Grey In 1854, he proposed that insanity was ALWAYS due to physical causes � Treatment focused on rest, diet, and proper room temperature and ventilation � Conditions in hospitals greatly improved �

Emil Kraeplin � Contributed in the area of diagnosis and classification of Psychological Disorders

Emil Kraeplin � Contributed in the area of diagnosis and classification of Psychological Disorders � Each psychological disorder has a different age of onset and time course to follow, along with a different cluster of presenting symptoms. His descriptions of Schizophrenia are still useful.

Biological Therapies in 1900’s � Electric shock therapy � Brain surgery � Insulin shock

Biological Therapies in 1900’s � Electric shock therapy � Brain surgery � Insulin shock therapy � What was the problem with these?

1950’s � The first effective drugs for severe psychotic disorders were developed in a

1950’s � The first effective drugs for severe psychotic disorders were developed in a systematic way � Opium used as a sedative � Reserpine to tranquilize hallucinations and delusions � Benzodiazepines for anxiety

The Psychological Tradition � Moral Therapy: An approach to treatment in the 1800’s that

The Psychological Tradition � Moral Therapy: An approach to treatment in the 1800’s that involved treating patients as normally as possible in normal environments � It was soon discovered that this type of therapy worked best in institutions � Dorothea Dix campaigned to reform the treatment of the insane. Her work became known as the mental hygiene movement

Freud’s Psychoanalysis Psychoanalytic assessment and therapy emphasizes the exploration of UNCONSCIENCE processes and conflicts

Freud’s Psychoanalysis Psychoanalytic assessment and therapy emphasizes the exploration of UNCONSCIENCE processes and conflicts � The unconscience mind influences the production of psychological disorders � � Pioneered by Sigmund Freud

The Structure of the Mind The mind has 3 significant parts: ID, EGO, SUPEREGO

The Structure of the Mind The mind has 3 significant parts: ID, EGO, SUPEREGO � The id is the source of our strong sexual and aggressive feelings or energies. It is the animal within us. � The id operates according to the pleasure principle, with an overriding goal of maximizing pleasure and eliminating any associated tension or conflicts � The type of thinking is emotional, irrational, illogical, filled with fantasies, and preoccupied with sex, aggression, selfishness, and envy �

EGO � The ego is responsible for finding realistic and practical ways to satisfy

EGO � The ego is responsible for finding realistic and practical ways to satisfy the id � Operates according to the reality principle � Thinking styles are logical, and reason is used.

SUPEREGO � This is the conscience! � It represents the moral principles instilled in

SUPEREGO � This is the conscience! � It represents the moral principles instilled in us by our parents and culture. � Its purpose is to counteract the potentially dangerous aggressive and sexual drives of the id.

Internal Conflict The ego is constantly trying to stay on top of the warring

Internal Conflict The ego is constantly trying to stay on top of the warring id and superego. � Occasionally, their conflicts produce anxiety that threatens to overwhelm the ego. � Anxiety causes the ego to produce DEFENSE MECHANISMS �

Defense Mechanisms � They are unconscious protective processes that keep emotions during conflict in

Defense Mechanisms � They are unconscious protective processes that keep emotions during conflict in check. Our ego must always keep control � There are 7 of them

Defense Mechanisms � 1. Denial � 2. Displacement � 3. Projection � 4. Rationalization

Defense Mechanisms � 1. Denial � 2. Displacement � 3. Projection � 4. Rationalization � 5. Reaction Formation � 6. Sublimation � 7. Repression � *Know what these mean and be able to give an example!

Psychotherapy � Freud used many techniques to analyze his clients. � Free Association explores

Psychotherapy � Freud used many techniques to analyze his clients. � Free Association explores threatening material repressed into the unconcious. The patient is instructed to say whatever comes to mind without censoring. � Dream Analysis Method in which dream contents are examined as symbolic of id impulses and internal conflicts

Humanistic Theory � Human nature reaches its fullest potential when we contribute to other

Humanistic Theory � Human nature reaches its fullest potential when we contribute to other individuals and to society.

Self actualizing � Its the process emphasized in humanistic therapy, in which people strive

Self actualizing � Its the process emphasized in humanistic therapy, in which people strive to achieve their highest potential against difficult life experiences.

Person centered therapy � Therapy method in which the client rather than the counsellor,

Person centered therapy � Therapy method in which the client rather than the counsellor, directs the discussion. The client seeks self discovery and self responsibility.

Unconditional Positive Regard � Having empathy for the client � Acceptance by the counsellor

Unconditional Positive Regard � Having empathy for the client � Acceptance by the counsellor of the client’s feelings and actions without judgement or condemnation

Active Listening � Repeating what the client is telling you, without adding in any

Active Listening � Repeating what the client is telling you, without adding in any judgements, questions, or comments.

Behavioral Tradition In a classic study by Watson (1878 1958) an 11 month old

Behavioral Tradition In a classic study by Watson (1878 1958) an 11 month old boy Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear. Albert was introduced to a white rat, he showed no fear to it. When Albert tried to reach the white rat, a loud noise was produced which startled little Albert. � This process was repeated for a number of trials, so little Albert learnt to be afraid of white rat or through classical conditioning; Little Albert acquired the fear or Phobia of white rat. �

Operant Conditioning When positive consequences follow a behavior, the behavior is rewarded and more

Operant Conditioning When positive consequences follow a behavior, the behavior is rewarded and more likely to occur in future. Maladaptive and desirable behavior alike can be acquired through their consequences. When a child screams in the store for a toy, she gets her way because the parents want her to be quiet. The child learns that screaming produces rewards! � When an unwanted behavior leads to negative outcome, the likely hood that the unwanted behavior will occur in future is reduced. When an alcohol addict is given some irritating agent in his drink which causes vomiting and swatting, he learns to give up drinking alcohol. � � How can this influence the development of a mental disorder?

Observational Learning � Stanford university professor, Albert Bandura, pioneered the analysis of observational learning

Observational Learning � Stanford university professor, Albert Bandura, pioneered the analysis of observational learning or modeling which is process of learning behavior by observing others. It is learning through imitation. � How can this influence the development of a mental disorder?

Integrated Approach � We now realize that there is no one school of thought

Integrated Approach � We now realize that there is no one school of thought that can explain psychological disorders alone � Our behavior, both normal and abnormal, is a product of a continual interaction of psycholgical, biological, and social influences.