Experiments Data is gathered under controlled conditions set

Experiments • Data is gathered under controlled conditions set by researcher • Experimental Group is exposed to the independent variable • Control group is not exposed to variable • We focus on the effects produced by the variable • All other conditions should remain the same • Makes it possible for researcher to conclude that results are caused by the variable

Experiments on Groups Social Interaction Experiment • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=P 7 zc. DZn. Wh. U • What’s the bystander effect?

The Bystander Effect - Experiment • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=z 4 S 1 LLr. Sz VE

Bystander Effect – Kevin Carter’s Photograph

Understanding Group Behavior Why do we act different when we are part of a group?

Groups are not…. . • Aggregates: when people gather in the same place at the same time but lack organization or interaction – Ex. People in an airplane • Social Categories: a way of classifying people according to a status or trait – Ex. Women, teenagers, students

Understanding Group Behavior • Groups must: – Consist of two or more people – Show some interaction among group members – Have shared expectations – Possess some sense of common identity • Groups can: – Be small (two people on a date) – Be large (500 soldiers in boot camp) – Be either intimate (family) or formal (work)

Formal Groups vs. Informal Groups • Formal Groups: structure, goals, and activities of the group are clearly defined – Ex. Basketball Team • Informal Groups: no official structure or established rules of conduct – Ex. Friends

Is Size of Groups a Factor? Dyad Ø two people • smallest possible group • Each member has direct control over the group’s existence • Decision making is difficult. Either agree or convince the other Triad Ø Three People – make it easier to decide – Group is more independent from individual members – A single person cannot disband the group – Two against one alliance

Size of Groups • Small Groups: everyone interacts on a face-toface basis • 15 is the largest number of people that can work well in one group. • Larger groups create a tendency for members to get into smaller groups • Larger Groups make individuals feel less responsible for his/her own actions

Group Functions • Set Goals – Nature and scope varies according to the group • Assign Tasks – Decide what is going to be done, and who is going to do it • Control members’ behavior – People in group must conform to norms

Have you ever engaged in actions that are deemed immoral or would cause pain on others just to go along with a group? Do you know anyone who has?

Groups Influence Behavior • Individual will change behavior to comply with the group’s norms and decisions • Group pressure does not have to be strong to influence behavior • Members of the group are willing to compromise their own judgments

Groupthink • Sociologist William Whyte coined the term “Groupthink” – When members go along with the group even if they privately disagree • Groupthink – Gives illusion unanimity – Puts pressure on people who do not agree – Gives unquestioned belief in morality of group

Groups Influence Behavior • http: //www. correntewire. com/basic_sociolog y_group_behavior • Solomon Asch Experiment (1956) on the Power of Groups. • One Third of the subjects provided wrong answers just to go along with the group

What would people do in more serious situations? • Milgram’s Obedience Experiment (1963) • He wanted to know why Nazi soldiers did not feel responsible for deaths. • Soldiers said they were following orders • Experiment is testing obedience to authority • Two thirds of the subjects proceeded to inflict pain. • There is a separation of the individual from the role they are supposed to play • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=pdb 20 gcc_Ns&li st=TLD 5 Qq. U 9 ut 4 dc

In-Groups and Out-Groups In-Group Out-Group • A group a person identifies with and belongs to • Use symbols to separate from other groups • Any group a person does not belong to – Badges, clothing, names • View themselves positively and view out-groups negatively • Feeling of superiority leads to conflict or competition (could be peaceful or violent)

Understanding Groups • http: //educationportal. com/academy/lesson/social-groupsdyad-and-triad-in-groups-and-out-groups. html

What’s a leader?

Leadership in Groups • Leaders: people who influence the attitudes and opinions of others • Two types of leaders: instrumental and expressive leaders

Leaders Instrumental Expressive • Task-oriented • Find specific means that will allow the group to attain goals • Ex. Develop Game Plan for football team • Emotion-oriented • Find ways to maintain group together and maintain morale • Ex. Use chants to keep team spirit high

Instrumental Leadership • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Hi. B 9 L 3 d. G -Aw

Expressive Leadership • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=XUk. Kv. HC Vnlo

Bill Belichick Instrumental and Expressive Leader • http: //www. nfl. com/news/story/0 ap 1000000 137275/article/two-of-a-kind-bill-belichickkobe-bryant-are-buddies

Leadership and the Power of Followers • http: //www. ted. com/talks/derek_sivers_how _to_start_a_movement. html? quote=679

Power. Point 8 – The End