Electron Excitation https imagine gsfc nasa govImagesscienceatomexcited png

Electron Excitation https: //imagine. gsfc. nasa. gov/Images/science/atom_excited. png

QUENCHING: Dissipation of Energy Stored in Excited Chlorophyll

Photochemical Quenching

Non-Photochemical Quenching

Coping with Intense Light https: //www. sciencedaily. com/images/2013/08/130806132939_1_900 x 600. jpg

Photoinhibition Willey 2016

Photosystem II Fig. 2. 2 in Willy 2016

Photosystem II Ultrastructure Willey 2016

Fate of Unquenched Energy Stored in Chlorophyll: Toxic Photoproducts http: //www. plantstress. com/articles/Oxidative%20 Stress_files/IMG 00001. gif

Toxic Photoproducts: Oxygen https: //www. hindawi. com/journals/nrp/2011/260482. fig. 001. jpg

Toxic Photoproducts: Oxygen Singlet Oxygen (a) Singlet Oxygen (b) Triplet Oxygen

Protection and Repair of Photosystem II: Suppression Mechanisms Fig. 7. 32 in Taiz et al. 2015

Non-Photochemical Quenching: Xanthophyll Cycle Taiz et al. 2015

Conversion of Violaxanthin to Zeaxanthin: Psb. S Protein (H+ Sensor) Violaxanthin Deepoxidase (VDE) Wiley 2016

Influence of Xanthophylls on Photosystem II Architecture Low Light (Violaxanthin Predominates) High Light (Zeaxanthin Predominates) Fig. 2. 10 in Wiley 2016

Protection and Repair of Photosystem II: Scavenging Systems Fig. 7. 32 in Taiz et al. 2015

Protection and Repair of Photosystem II: Scavenging Systems Willey 2016

Repair of Damaged D 1 Protein in Photosystem II Willey 2016