Critical raw materials and their link to the

Critical raw materials and their link to the EU & Global Challenges Mark Mistry Nickel Institute Working Session on Critical Raw Materials Brussels 24 th September 2013

Critical Raw Materials for future of EU (2010) 1 1. 0079 2 H Helium Hydrogen 3 6. 941 Li Lithium 11 22. 290 Na 4 4 9. 0122 5 10. 811 Be B Beryllium 12 12 24. 035 Mg Magnesiu m 19 39. 098 21 40. 078 21 44. 956 Ca Sc 22 47. 867 23 50. 942 Ti V 24 51. 996 Cr 25 54. 938 Mn Manganes Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium e 37 85. 468 38 87. 62 Rb Sr Rubidium Strontium 55 132. 91 556 137. 33 Cs Ba Caesium Barium 87 (223) 88 (226) Boron + Graphite + Fluorspar Sodium K 4. 0026 He 39 88. 906 Y Yttrium 57 -71 La-Lu 40 91. 224 41 92. 906 Zr Nb Fr Ra Ac-Lr Francium Radium Actinides Fe Iron 43 (98) 44 101. 07 Mo Tc Ru 27 27 58. 933 Co 28 58. 693 Ni 72 178. 49 78 195. 08 74 183. 84 75 186. 21 Hf Ta W Re 104 (267) Rf 110 (281) Db 106 (271) Sg 107 (272) Bh Rutherford Seaborgiu Dubnium Bohrium m 58 140. 12 La Ce 89 (227) 90 232. 04 Cer Ac Th Actinium Thorium 59 140. 91 Pr 60 144. 24 Nd 61 (145) Pm 29 63. 546 30 65. 38 Cu Zn 31 69. 723 Ga Pa 92 238. 03 U Proactiniu Uranium m 93 ((237)) Np Nitrogen Oxygen Fluor 16 32. 065 17 35. 453 14 28. 086 32 72, 64 Ge 15 30. 974 P Ar Argon 33 74. 922 34 78. 96 35 79. 94 36 83. 798 As Se Br Arsenic 45 45 102. 91 46 46 106. 42 47 107. 87 48 112. 41 49 114. 82 50 118. 71 51 51 121. 76 In Sn Cd Cadmium Indium 80 200. 59 81 204. 38 Au Hg Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Tl Mercury Thallium 109 (276) 110 (281) 111 (280) Mt Uun Uuu Ir Pt 64 157. 25 63 151. 96 Sm Eu 94 (244) 95 (243) 96 (247) Pu Am Cm Gd 65 158. 93 Tb Dy Neptuniu Plutonium Americium Curium m 97 (247) Bk Berkelium Pb Lead 52 127, 60 Te Antimony Tellurium 83 208. 98 84 (209) 53 126. 90 Kr Krypton 54 131. 29 I Xe Iodine Xenon 85 (210) 86 (222) Bi Po At Rn Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon 69 168. 93 70 173. 05 71 174. 97 Yb Lu Uuq Uub 66 162. 50 82 207. 2 Sb Selenium Bromium 114 (289) 112 (285) Meitneriu Ununniliu Ununnuni Ununbium um m m 62 150. 36 Tin 18 39. 948 Cl Germaniu m Ag Ne Neon Chlor Gallium Silver 10 20. 180 S Zinc Pd 18. 998 Sulphur Copper Rh 15, 999 9 Phosphor us Nickel Ununquad um 67 (164. 93 Ho Praesody Promethiu Gadoliniu Dysprosiu Neodym Samarium Europium Terbium Holmium m m 91 231. 04 Carbon Si 79 196. 97 Hs F Silicon 78 78 195. 08 Hassium O Al 77 77 192. 22 108 (277) 14. 007 8 N Aluminium 76 76 190. 23 Os 12. 011 7 C Cobalt Molybden Technetiu Rutheniu Rhodium Palladium Zirconium Niobium m 57 138. 91 Lanthan 26 55. 845 42 95. 94 Lanthanid Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium es 89 -103 13 26. 982 6 98 (251) 99 (252) Cf Es 68 167. 26 Er Erbium 100 (257) Fm Tm Thulium 101 (258) Md Ytterbium Lutetium 102 (259) No 103 (262) Lr Californiu Einsteiniu Mendelevi Lawrenciu Fermium Nobelium m m um m Out of 41 investigated substances, there are 14 elements & element groups & substances with high economic importance & high supply risk

Critical Raw Materials for future of EU (2013 draft) 1 1. 0079 2 H Helium Hydrogen 3 6. 941 Li Lithium 11 22. 290 Na 4 4 9. 0122 Be Beryllium 12 12 24. 035 Mg Sodium Magnesiu m 19 39. 098 21 40. 078 21 44. 956 Ca Sc K 22 47. 867 23 50. 942 Ti V + Natural Graphite + Fluorspar + Phosphate Rocks + Magnesite +24 Borates 25 26 54. 938 51. 996 55. 845 + Coking Mn Coal Cr Manganes Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium e 37 85. 468 38 87. 62 Rb Sr Rubidium Strontium 55 132. 91 4. 0026 He 556 137. 33 Cs Ba Caesium Barium 87 (223) 88 (226) 39 88. 906 Y Yttrium 57 -71 La-Lu 40 91. 224 41 92. 906 Zr Nb Fr Ra Ac-Lr Francium Radium Actinides 72 178. 49 Hf 104 (267) 42 95. 94 43 (98) 44 101. 07 Mo Tc Ru Rf 78 195. 08 74 183. 84 75 186. 21 Ta W Re Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium 110 (281) Db 106 (271) Sg 107 (272) Bh Rutherford Seaborgiu Dubnium Bohrium m 57 138. 91 58 140. 12 La Ce 89 (227) 90 232. 04 Lanthan Iron B Boron 13 26. 982 27 27 58. 933 Co 28 58. 693 Ni Cer Ac Th Actinium Thorium 59 140. 91 Pr 60 144. 24 Nd 61 (145) Pm 29 63. 546 30 65. 38 Cu Zn 31 69. 723 Ga Pa 92 238. 03 U Proactiniu Uranium m 93 ((237)) Np Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluor 16 32. 065 17 35. 453 14 28. 086 32 72, 64 Ge 15 30. 974 P Ar Argon 33 74. 922 34 78. 96 35 79. 94 36 83. 798 As Se Br Arsenic 45 45 102. 91 46 46 106. 42 47 107. 87 48 112. 41 49 114. 82 50 118. 71 51 51 121. 76 In Sn Cd Cadmium Indium 80 200. 59 81 204. 38 Au Hg Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Tl Mercury Thallium 109 (276) 110 (281) 111 (280) Mt Uun Uuu Ir Pt 64 157. 25 63 151. 96 Sm Eu 94 (244) 95 (243) 96 (247) Pu Am Cm Gd 65 158. 93 Tb Dy Neptuniu Plutonium Americium Curium m 97 (247) Bk Berkelium Pb Lead 52 127, 60 Te Antimony Tellurium 83 208. 98 84 (209) 53 126. 90 Kr Krypton 54 131. 29 I Xe Iodine Xenon 85 (210) 86 (222) Bi Po At Rn Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon 69 168. 93 70 173. 05 71 174. 97 Yb Lu Uuq Uub 66 162. 50 82 207. 2 Sb Selenium Bromium 114 (289) 112 (285) Meitneriu Ununniliu Ununnuni Ununbium um m m 62 150. 36 Tin 18 39. 948 Cl Germaniu m Ag Ne Neon Chlor Gallium Silver 10 20. 180 S Zinc Pd 18. 998 Sulphur Copper Rh 15, 999 9 Phosphor us Nickel Ununquad um 67 (164. 93 Ho Praesody Promethiu Gadoliniu Dysprosiu Neodym Samarium Europium Terbium Holmium m m 91 231. 04 F Si 79 196. 97 Hs O Silicon 78 78 195. 08 Hassium 14. 007 8 N Al 77 77 192. 22 108 (277) 12. 011 7 C Aluminium 76 76 190. 23 Os 6 Cobalt Molybden Technetiu Rutheniu Rhodium Palladium Zirconium Niobium m Lanthanid Hafnium es 89 -103 Fe 5 10. 811 98 (251) 99 (252) Cf Es 68 167. 26 Er Erbium 100 (257) Fm Tm Thulium 101 (258) Md Ytterbium Lutetium 102 (259) No 103 (262) Lr Californiu Einsteiniu Mendelevi Lawrenciu Fermium Nobelium m m um m Out of 52 investigated substances, there are 20 elements & element groups & substances with high economic importance & high supply risk

Is Nickel a critical raw material? PGM Nickel is not a “critical” raw material. But it is a host metal of critical raw materials occurring as by-products. This applies to many metals!

Criticality and raw materials Ø Number of critical raw materials changes Ø Close link between raw materials Ø Challenging & misleading to limit measures to few raw materials Importance of & inter-linkages between all raw materials need to be recognized independent from status

2050 Global Challenges Ageing Society Food Energy supply Transport Population Growth Accomodation Water

2050 Global Challenges Implications • Access to (clean) water • Safe & clean energy supply All megatrends linked to significant raw materials demand • More & better food • Accomodate >9 billion people • Ensure Green transport • Accomodate ageing society Raw materials demand linked to megatrends will affect criticality of raw materials

2050 EU vs. Global Challenges Priorities differ: • Main population growth in Asia and Africa, outside EU • Global scale • • • Water Food Accomodation Energy supply Transport • EU scale • • • Energy supply Ageing society Green transport Water Food • European Commission Flagship Initiatives • • be resource & energy efficient Promote innovation Ensure sustainable growth Be smart

Example: Energy & raw materials demand IAEA Scenarios in 2050 energy supply 100% 90% Others 80% PV Solar 70% Wind Biomass waste woodchips in CHP Biomass rape seed oil 60% 50% Hydro 40% Nuclear 30% Oil + CCS 20% Oil Natural Gas + CCS 10% 0% Current Mix CCS Low Carbon IAEA Blue Map International Energy Agency Statistics online (2009) Different scenarios to address challenges around energy supply and climate change

Example: Energy & raw materials demand • Conclusion: demand of various base metals will significantly increase or multiply • Publication of Leiden University investigated raw material demand linked to low carbon economy • Various technologies were investigated Kleijn et al: Metal requirements of low carbon power generation In: Energy (2011) Addressing global challenges will result in a significant raw materials demand affect criticality of raw materials

Can improved recycling satisfy the increasing raw materials demand? • Recycling for certain raw materials shows potential for improvement (e. g. REE) § For many metals the recycling efficiencies are already high (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Al, Pb. . . ) § Recycling is important but cannot satify the enormous raw materials demand Improving Recycling goes hand in hand with primary production but cannot replace it

Supply with raw materials is hampered by factors not being acknowledged in Criticality assessment Precautionary Principle EU Chemicals Management Legislation EU Environmental legislation EU value chains with high economic importance & relevance in addressing challenges EU Regulatory framework creates problems in satisfying raw materials demand of critical value chains

Raw materials supply: planning security is a key aspect § Raw materials demand will increase in order to address global challenges § Primary & secondary production will be needed § Satisfying the demand requires significant long term investment § Investment can only be taken if there is planning security Companies need to have planning security to invest into raw materials supply and to consequently satisfy demand

Our r § Raw materials demand will increase in order to address global challenges § Primary & secondary production will be needed § Satisfying the demand requires significant long term investment § Investment can only be taken if there is planning security Companies need to have planning security to invest into raw materials supply and to consequently satisfy demand

Our r § Raw materials demand will increase in order to address global challenges § Primary & secondary production will be needed § Satisfying the demand requires significant long term investment § Investment can only be taken if there is planning security Companies need to have planning security to invest into raw materials supply and to consequently satisfy demand