Types of Inventory Raw Materials Raw n Components
- Slides: 34
存貨類別 Types of Inventory Raw Materials (Raw) n元件 Components n在製品 Work in Process (WIP) n半成品組件 Semi-finished Assemblies n成品 Finished Goods (FG) n配銷存貨 Distribution Inventory n委託存貨 Consigned Stock n維護、修理與作業物料 Maintenance, Repair and Operating Supplies (MRO) n原料
存貨目標 Inventory Objectives n 客戶服務最大化 - n 經由小而精的存貨投資, 廠成本最小化 - n 及時交貨 Delivering in a timely manner 緩衝不確定性 Buffering against uncertainty 提供多樣化 Providing variety 採購 生產 In purchasing In production 整體投資最小化
客戶服務指標 Customer Service Measures n 百分率型式的評量:各種準時出貨 - n 準時交貨訂單數 準時交貨項目數 準時交貨總件數 準時交貨金額 Orders shipped on schedule Line items shipped on schedule Total units shipped on schedule Dollar volume shipped on schedule 絕對值型式的評量:各種缺料狀況 - 缺料之訂單日數 Order days out of stock 缺料之項目日數 Line item days out of stock 缺料之總項目日數 Total item days out of stock 缺料之金額日數 Dollar volume days out of stock 因物料與元件缺貨所致之停機時間
存貨持有成本 Inventory Carrying Cost n n n 資金成本 Cost of Capital 保險成本 Insurance Costs 稅 Taxes 失竊、損壞、損傷 Pilferage, Spoilage, and Damage 過時呆滯 Obsolescence 儲存空間與處理 Storage Space and Handling
柏拉圖定理 Pareto’s Law % Percent of total value 佔 存 貨 總 金 額 100 95 80 A B 20 C 50 100 佔料項總數 % Percent of number of items
ABC分類的用途 Uses of ABC Classification n n n 循環盤點的頻率 Cycle-Counting Frequency 顧客服務 Customer Service 程優序 Engineering Priorities 採購優序 Procurement Priorities 保全 Security 補貨系統 Replenishment Systems 投資決策 Investment Decisions
ABC演練 物料 編號 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 年度 用量 (件) 30, 000 280, 000 3, 000 110, 000 4, 000 220, 000 15, 000 90, 000 60, 000 80, 000 單位 成本 1. 0 1. 5 1. 0 0. 5 1. 0 年度 用量 (金額) 排行 等級
物料呆滯的原因 Reasons for Obsolete Inventory n n n 程變更 Engineering Changes 損壞 Spoilage 技術過時 Technical Obsolescence 缺乏市場需求 Lack of Market Demand 瑕疵 Defects
存貨的功能 Functions of Inventory n n n 安全存貨 週期性存貨 在運存貨 預期存貨 避險存貨 緩衝存貨 Safety Stock Cycle Stock Transportation (Pipeline) Stock Anticipation Stock Hedging Stock Decoupling Stock
存貨追蹤方法 Inventory Tracking Methods n n 永續盤存系統 定期盤存系統 目視檢視系統 四壁存貨系統 Perpetual Inventory Systems Periodic Inventory Systems Visual Review Systems Four-Wall Inventory Systems
存貨地點選擇方法 Location Methods n n 預先指定存貨點法 Preassigned Locations 隨機存放法 Random Location 分區存放 Zoned Locations 自動存存取倉儲系統 Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems
存放原則 Stockkeeping Principles n n n 安全 Security 異動登記 Transaction Recording 授權管制 Authorization Control 儘可能使用自動化 具 Automation When Cost. Effective 易腐性存貨 Perishable Stock 批量追蹤或批量控制存貨 Lot Traceability or Lot. Controlled Stock
記錄不正確的代價 Consequences of Inaccurate Records n n n n n 失去生意 Lost Sales 缺料 Shortages 超量 Excesses 錯過時程 Missed Schedules 低生產力 Low Productivity 遲交 Late Delivery 過多跟催 Excessive Expediting 超量運費成本 Excess Freight Costs 高存貨成本 High Inventory Levels 高過時呆滯水準 High Levels of Obsolescence
問題來源 Sources of Problems n n n n 表格設計不良 Poor Design of Forms 人員未經過專門訓練 Untrained Personnel 粗心、疏忽 Carelessness 文件管制不良 Poor Control of Documents 電腦程式錯誤 Faulty Computer Programs 料件識別不適當 Items Not Identified Properly 儲存空間不足 Inadequate Storage Space 開放(未設保全)儲存區域 Open (Unsecured) Storage Areas
存貨控制的資料要素 Data Elements for Inventory Control n n n 物料編號 Item Identification 物料規格 Item Description 儲存位置 Stock Location Data 各儲存位置存量 On-hand Balances in Each Stock Location 已訂購之交期 On-order Information by Due Date 再訂購點和安全存量 Reorder and Safety Stock Information 財務資訊 Financial Information 使用量 Usage Data 分類等級 Classification Information 供應商 Sourcing Data 前置時間 Lead-Time Data
資料收集方法 Data Collection Methods n n n 電腦終端機 Computer Terminals 條碼系統 Bar Code Systems 磁帶系統 Magnetic Strip Systems 光學辨識裝置 Optical Recognition Devices 自動計數裝置 Automatic Counting Devices
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