Construction Materials Masonry TED 316 STRUCTURAL DESIGN MASONRY

Construction Materials Masonry TED 316 – STRUCTURAL DESIGN

MASONRY � Building of structures from individual units � Common materials: � Brick � Stone � Marble � Granite � Concrete block � Glass block

MASONRY APPLICATIONS � Walls of buildings � Retaining walls � Monuments � Brick and block are most commonly used � Can be weight bearing or veneer � Rebar is added to increase tensile and lateral strength

MASONRY - ADVANTAGES � Increase thermal mass � Does not require painting � Heat and fire resistance � High impact resistance � Long life-cycle

MASONRY - DISADVANTAGES � Degradation due to frost damage � Requires a strong foundation � Heavy

MASONRY – STRUCTURAL LIMITATIONS � Good compressive strength � Much lower tensile strength � Reinforcement needed � Thickening wall � Masonry piers � Steel reinforcement

MASONRY - VENEER � Masonry units installed on one or both sides of a structurally independent wall � Decorative not structural � Common materials � Brick � Stone � Attached with brick ties

MASONRY - VENEER � Air gap � Waterproofing � Water-resistant � Weep � Interior surface holes insulation � Fiberglass for stud walls � Foam board for block � Takes advantage of thermal mass

DRY SET MASONRY (DRY STONE) � Building material – mortar bond not critical � Friction provides strength � Grooves and keys add strength � Mortar-less masonry

SOLID MASONRY � Economical � Limited applications � Low � Thick � Susceptible to earthquakes � Reinforcement needed

STONE � Commonly used � Granite � Slate � Limestone � Sandstone � Marble

STONE � Common forms � Crushed � Sand � Pea gravel � Rip rap � Fieldstone � Dimensional stone � Rubble � Flagstone

STONE � Characteristics � Strength � High compression � Low tension � Hardness – varies � Workability – relates to hardness � Durability � Appearance � Accessibility � Indigenous

BRICK � Categories � Sun-dried bricks � Kiln burned bricks � Building bricks � Refractory bricks

BRICK � Types � Common brick � Face brick � Glazed face brick � Fire brick � Sand lime brick � Special brick � Paving brick � Omni brick � Sculpted brick

BRICK � Two or more layers � Horizontal rows (stretcher bricks) � Cross ties (header bricks) � Bonds (pattern of stretcher and header) � Common � English and Flemish � Staggered vs. non-staggered

BRICK – UNIFORMITY AND RUSTICITY � Wide variety of styles and types � 1950 s-1970 s: consistency = sterile � 1980 s on: move back to rustic look � Burnt bricks � Salvage bricks � Aged new bricks � Free, artistic style

BLOCKS � Cinder blocks � Concrete blocks � Hollow tile � Generically referred to as Concrete Masonry Units (CMUs) � Larger than bricks � Faster to lay � Lower water absorption rates than bricks

BLOCK � Used as structural core for veneer walls � Used alone where appearance is not critical � Stucco covering � Decoration � Extra strength � Pre-colored or stained � Reinforcement � Bond beam � Filling hollow voids � Rebar and ladder-reinforcement

GLASS BLOCK � Made of glass � Structural or appearance � Provide light and/or view