Communalism and religious Fundamentalism Jawaharlal Nehru pronounced his

Communalism and religious Fundamentalism Jawaharlal Nehru pronounced his thesis of unity and diversity. There was a lot of harmony before India among the religious groups. All religion maintained peace and harmony. The communal animosity between the Hindus and Muslims was largely the creation of British rule. British gave a separate electorate for the Muslims. Master Tara Singh and his followers had started a separate khalistan state. After India became independent Communal electorates were abolished and India was declared to be a secular state. Even after independence religious a lot of religious parties were formed Muslim League , Ram Rajya Parishad Jana Sangh Majlis-e Mushawarat , Jamat –e- Islami, Jamat- ul -Ulaemai Hind and Akali Dal. PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

Political Communalism has consequences as it leads to religious Chauvinism. Sikh extremist which has lead to many problems in Punjab. -Separate state called Khalistan. Some of the other communal organisations under the patronage of christian association have been very active in North eastern States Kerala Goa Assam agitation against foreign nationals. PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

Important Cause of communalism- 1. Muslims keep themselves aloof from the majority of the community which has eliminated them from the main stream 2. Communalist plays with the sentiments of the people 3. Muslims have many communal organisations like Muslim League Majlis e Mashawarat Ja-mat-Majlis Jamat e- Tablighi Propagated and obscured the glories of Islam. A conference was held in Bombay in December 1972 which was attended by a large number of Muslim scholars , religious leaders and politicians belonging to the various Muslim Organisations. It has been seen that Muslims of Pakistan , Indonesia, Iraq , Egypt and many other Muslim countries have modified and made liberal interpretations of Personal Laws based on Shariyat where as Indian Muslims are guided by medievalism PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

They have opposed the Article 44 of the Indian Constitution which proposes uniform civil code for the whole country. The reaction to the judgment of Shah Bano case and the muslim women right on divorce. PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

4. The disintegration of the Muslim empire and the reluctance on the part of the Muslims to accept western education contributed to the economic backwardness of the Muslims. Many of them lost their jobs to Industrial Revolution. 5. Hindu Orthodoxy and separatism brought about Hindu Muslim communalism 6. Hindu Parishad gave importance to Hindu belief Hind Rashtra The militant sections being organized in the different part of India. 7. The Responsible national parties from alliances with anti social and communal parties in order to come to power. The national and state level governments have failed to check the growth of communalism. PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

Religious Fundamentalism - It was first started by protestant Christians of USA to crave their own identity compared to Roman Catholic. Universally there are three main Religions – Hinduism Christianity Islam The perception of these three religions is getting threatened by modernity Biased Governance and other major religion. -HINDU FUNDAMENTALISM - 80% of Indian population is Hindu. Hindi is the national language except two states rest of the states speak Hindi. They are – Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Some of the main organization to promote Hinduism are as follows. • Vishwa Hindu Parishad • RSS • Sri Ram Sena PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

Socio Economic Political Status According to the dominant religion people think that those part rule The role of media and politics. Spreading of violent news's – is right or wrong. Islamic Fundamentalism- Some organisations like Muslim League Majlis e mushavart Al- Toiba are fundamentalist who are sowing the see of communalism. Foundation ISIS which is a hard core Islamic foundation in Syria. Islamic Fundamentalist in Syria. In Bhatkal region there are particular Islamic sect having origin in Saudi Arabia. Pakistan’s Lashkar- e Thoiba. Al –Qaeda PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

Christian Fundamentalism- Indian Christians only 2. 5% of the population are not indulged in violence. - Influenced by the British rule in India. The amount of Christian population is heavenly found IN Kerala, Pondicherry and Goa. Definition of modernization- It is a process of social change and quality of living Secularism. Western countries believe in Secularism, materialism and atheism. It is used by political leaders to appease minorities. Regionalism – describes situations in which different religious or ethnic groups with distinctive identities coexist within the same state boundaries. It stands for the love of a particular region or an area in preference to the nation or any other region It often involves ethnic groups whose aims include independence from a national state. Regionalism which includes economic regionalism, linguistic regionalism , political regionalism and even sub regionalism PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

Causes for Growth of regionalism- • The efforts of the national government to impose a particular ideology language or cultural pattern on all people and groups compelled the regionalism movements to crop up. • Continious neglect of an area or a region by the ruling party and concentration of administrative and political power. • Central units to maintain the sub cultural region • The desire of religion elites to capture power has led to the rise of regionalism PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

• Forms of regionalism in India 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Separate state hood For certain union territories Telegu speaking residents from Madras Presidency- hunger strike by Potti Sriramalu. g Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam in Madras same thing followed by Akali Dal in Punjab The Telugu Desam party in Andra Pradesh Asom Gana Parishad in Assam. The successful protest in forming Uttaranchal ( Uttarakand ) The tribals and other residents of Chhotanagpur Plateau- Jharkhand PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

Parochialism – For only the local people are called Bhadralok. Who claims their literature , music, dress , cuisine In Mumbai the regionalism group example It was started by United Liberation Front of Assam. Examples For Types of Regionalism In 1960 DML Tamil Nadu, another organisation called Tamil Arasu Kazhagam Madras AP Kerala and Mysore – Dravida Nadu. April 1987 Akali Dal a separate Sikh state PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

The impact of regionalism on Indian society 1. UP biggest state with 20 crore population 2. Punjab is ruled by Shiromani Akali Dal and BJP 3. Tamil Nadu is the first state to be ruled by regionalism outfit DMK , AIADMK 4. WB – For a long time was ruled by CPM now from past for 4 years Trinmool Congress. 5. Orissa since last 15 years ruled by the ruling party BJD (Biju Janatadal, Dal. 6. Andra Pradesh Telugu Desham 7. Telangana- TRS – Telangana Rashtra samithi. PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

Ethnocentrism is the tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of ones ethnic culture. Ethnocentrism often entails the belief that ones own race or ethnic group is the most important or some aspects of culture is superior than the others. Psychological Underpinnings of Ethnocentrism- Ethnocentrism person will see cultures other than their birth culture as being not only different but also to some degree wrong. And therefore inferior. PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

Types of Ethnocentrism – • American Ethnocentrism – American exceptionalism is a term coined by Alexis de Tocqueville in 1832 as a perception that the United States differs qualitatively from other developed nations because of its unique origins , historical evolution distinctive political and religious institutions. Abraham Lincoln said America is a nation conceived in Liberty – dedicated to a view that all people are equal. Eurocentrism- Stress on European culture During the period European explored the new lands such as Africa and Americans and such society was dominated by farming hunting herding etc Europeans thought themselves as uniquely responsible for science and technology and cultural acheivements PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

Indian Nationalism – It refers to political and cultural expressions of patriotism by people of India of pride in the history and heritage of India. Belief of Nationalism –Several examples highlight the ancient nature of Indian civilization- 1. India is the home to Hinduism the oldest religion in the world. 2. Indus Valley civilization the third oldest civilization 3. Ancient Indian town of Taxila was home to Takshashila University in the world 4. Ayurveda the oldest science of medicine 5. Ancient India was a sight of Mehrgarh the oldest human village settlement in record history PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. India is the birth place of ancient languages India is home to many Indo European Languages the most prominent being Sanskrit India is one of the cradles of mathematics including zero Bhaskaracharya. His contributions to maths First known works in economics Arthashastra The Rig veda the oldest religious text book. Birth pace of one or two major schools of religion Dhartmic Religion and Abrahmic religion. India was the birth place of the buddhist monk – Bodhidharma. PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

Japanocentrism- Jaoanocentrism-Taiwanese nationals and Koreans taking control Sinocentrism - Is ethnocentric perspective that regards china to be central or unique relative to other countries. The Sinocentric System- prevailed in East Asia. Chinas has been ruled by dynasty that has gained • Mandate of heaven The Mandate of Heaven is an ancient Chinese belief/theory and philosophical idea that tiān (heaven) granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well, appropriately and fairly. • The Celstial Empire- Accordingly, the name "Celestial" was used to refer to Chinese emigrants to the United States, Canada, and Australia during the 19 th century. PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

This model became serious after the contact with the european world – Opium war – the Opium Wars were two wars in the mid-19 th century involving Anglo-Chinese disputes over British trade in China and China's sovereignty. Chinas territorial expansion with ehnic groups such as mongols manchus and did not force any civilisation to follow it. Ethnocentrism is a kind of lens to see others culture opposite of ethnocentrism is called as cultural relativism – m the idea of viewing another culture with no preconceived notions or judgments PRESIDENCY COLLEGE