Cladograms Honors Science Grade 8 Cladistics Cladistics a

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Cladograms Honors Science Grade 8

Cladograms Honors Science Grade 8

Cladistics • Cladistics – a method of classifying animals and plants by the characteristics

Cladistics • Cladistics – a method of classifying animals and plants by the characteristics they have in common. • Clade - A group that includes a common ancestor and all the descendants (living and extinct) of that ancestor.

Cladogram • A diagram that shows evolutionary relationships. o It is assumed that the

Cladogram • A diagram that shows evolutionary relationships. o It is assumed that the more characteristics the two organisms share, the more recently they diverged from a common ancestor.

How to read a Cladogram • This diagram shows a relationship between 4 relatives.

How to read a Cladogram • This diagram shows a relationship between 4 relatives. • These relatives share a common ancestor at the root of the tree. • Note that this diagram is also a timeline. The older organism is at the bottom of the tree. • Branches on the tree represent SPECIATION. o • Speciation - the formation of a new species. The four descendants at the top of the tree are DIFFERENT species.

How to read a Cladogram • Species A, B and C each have characteristics

How to read a Cladogram • Species A, B and C each have characteristics that are unique only to them. • But they also share some part of their history with species A. • This shared history is the common ancestor. Unique history of A

Practice Reading a Cladogram

Practice Reading a Cladogram

• What trait separates amphibians from primates on this cladogram? • What separates

• What trait separates amphibians from primates on this cladogram? • What separates rabbits and primates from crocodiles on this cladogram? • Which organism is most related to the bird on this cladogram? • What 5 traits do these two organisms share?

First, Identify Characteristics Nerve Cord Lamprey Snapping Turtle Tuna Bullfrog X X Paired Legs

First, Identify Characteristics Nerve Cord Lamprey Snapping Turtle Tuna Bullfrog X X Paired Legs X Paired appendages vertebrae column X Amniotic Sac X Total X’s X X X

Nerve Cord Lamprey Snapping Turtle Tuna Bullfrog X X Paired Legs X Paired appenda

Nerve Cord Lamprey Snapping Turtle Tuna Bullfrog X X Paired Legs X Paired appenda ges vertebrae column X Amniotic Sac X Total X’s 1 4 X X X 2 3

First, Identify Characteristics Lynx Chimpanzee Lizard Newt Human Bipedal Hair No Tail Amniotic Membrane

First, Identify Characteristics Lynx Chimpanzee Lizard Newt Human Bipedal Hair No Tail Amniotic Membrane X X X X X X Lungs Total X’s X X X

Lynx Chimpanzee Lizard Newt Human Bipedal Hair No Tail Amniotic Membrane X X

Lynx Chimpanzee Lizard Newt Human Bipedal Hair No Tail Amniotic Membrane X X X X X X Lungs Total X’s X X X

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