Unit 07 Biotech Cladistics Cladograms Cladograms 5 4

Unit 07 Biotech & Cladistics: Cladograms

Cladograms 5. 4. U 1 A clade is a group of organisms that have evolved from a common ancestor. 5. 4. U 4 Traits can be analogous or homologous. 5. 4. U 5 Cladograms are tree diagrams that show the most probable sequence of divergence in clades. 5. 4. A 1 Cladograms including humans and other primates. 5. 4. S 1 Analysis of cladograms to deduce evolutionary relationships.

Biotechnology & Cladistics Objectives • Distinguish between homologous and analogous structures • Describe what a clade is. • Analyze different cladograms to determine the relationships between species. Warm Up • Describe DNA profiling. • How is gel electrophoresis used in DNA profiling? 3

• Analogous vs. Homologous • Clades and Cladograms • Cladogram analysis

Analogous vs. Homologous

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Homologous structures: Similar structures in different organisms that are a result of a recent common ancestor. Analogous structures: Structures that have a similar appearance and function but evolved separately and do not share a recent common ancestor 7

HOMOLOGOUS or ANALOGOUS? 8

HOMOLOGOUS or ANALOGOUS? 9

HOMOLOGOUS or ANALOGOUS? 10

HOMOLOGOUS or ANALOGOUS? 11

HOMOLOGOUS or ANALOGOUS? 12

HOMOLOGOUS or ANALOGOUS? 13

Clades and Cladograms

Cladograms Tree diagrams that show the most probable sequence of divergence in clades. TIME 15

Clades A group of organisms consisting of a common ancestor and all of its descendants TIME 16

Do you think organisms within the same clade share more homologous structures or analogous structures? TIME 17

CLADE or NOT A CLADE? ? TIME 18

CLADE or NOT A CLADE? ? TIME 19

Cladogram analysis

PRIMATE ANCESTOR 21

• Complete handout in groups 22

Wrap-Up

• What is a cladogram? • How can we determine which organisms have common ancestors within a cladogram? • Describe what a clade consists of. • Distinguish between homologous structures and analogous structures. 24