Chemistry Chemistry is the science concerned with the

Chemistry • Chemistry is the science concerned with the properties of matter and the changes in matter. • A chemist is one who studies the properties and changes in matter.

Matter • Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.

Matter • Matter can be divided into three types: solids, liquids, gases (and plasmas) • All matter is made up of particles. The arrangement of the particles is what makes the types of matter different.

Solids • The particles in a solid are close together. They are unable to move past each other. • The particles are strongly attracted to each other. • A solid does not take the shape of its container. • An example is an ice cube in a glass.

Liquids • The particles in a liquid are close, but not as close as in a solid. • The particles can slide past each other because they are less attracted to each other. • A liquid takes the shape of its container. And example is pop in a can or juice in a glass.

• Some particles flow more easily than others. • The resistance to flow is called viscosity. • Honey and molasses have high viscosity • Water has a low viscosity.

Gases • The particles in a gas are far apart resulting in a lot of movement. They are not strongly attracted to each other and are very fast-moving. • Due to the amount of space between particles, it is possible to compress a gas.

Plasmas • The fourth state of matter is plasma. Plasma is very rare on earth, but is one of the most common states in the universe. • Plasma has high levels of energy and cannot be contained by any object on our earth composed of ordinary matter.

Phase Changes • There are six phase changes. – Solid to liquid is called melting. – Liquid to solid is called freezing. – Liquid to gas is called evaporation. – Gas to liquid is called condensation. – Solid to gas, without going through the liquid phase, is called sublimation. – Gas to solid, without going through the liquid phase is called deposition.

Properties of Matter • There are two characteristics or properties that help determine forms of matter – physical properties and chemical properties.

Physical Properties of Matter • Physical properties describe what the material is like. These are visible features that can be observed or measured. – – – – State – solid, liquid, gas, plasma Colour Density, viscosity Hardness, brittleness Taste, odour, texture, lustre, clarity Melting and boiling points Ductility (bendable) and malleability (able to be hammered)

• Physical properties can often be further classified as either qualitative or quantitative. – A qualitative physical property is a characteristic that can be described but not measured. – A quantitative physical property is a characteristic of a substance that can be measured numerically.

Chemical Properties of Matter • Chemical properties explain how a material behaves and reacts in relation to other materials. – Types of bonds – Reactivity – Isotopes formed