Chapter Three Quantifiers 1 Introduction Kinds of quantifiers

Chapter Three Quantifiers 1

Introduction Kinds of quantifiers There are two kinds of quantifiers which are A. Quantifiers B. Distribution Quantifiers Examples: A lot of, plenty of, lots of, tons of, a little, some, hardly any, a few, several 2

Quantity Some adjectives and adjectival phrases are used for mass nouns only, some are used for count nouns only and some are applicable for both types of nouns. Illustration Mass nouns: They answer the question how much? E. g. we can say: There is no snow, a little snow, some snow, a bit of snow 3

Quantity Or we can say: no snowballs, a few snowballs, a number of snowballs, several snowballs, a lot of snowballs, a great deal of snowballs, etc. Expressions which can be used for both count and mass nouns: a lot of snow(balls), a great deal of snow(ball), plenty of snow(balls), lots of snow(balls), tons of snow(balls). 4

Quantity Quantifiers can singular or plural, so the verb agrees with the noun. If the noun is a mass noun, the verb is singular. If the nouns is countable , the verb is plural. E. g. A lot of towns are celebrating the centenary. Lots of time is wasted in teabreaks. Expressions like plenty of, lots of, tons of are informal spoken forms. In writing, use a great deal of, a large amount of, and a large number of. 5

Positive and negative ways of looking at things Optimist The bottle of water is half full There is some water left Pessimist half empty there is not much water left There are three friends I have a few friends I have few friends Scale A little no/none some a lot a few little not much 6

Positive and negative ways of looking at things I have got a little money= (some) There a few things that I want to see you about =(several) There is little point in going on now: it is too late. =(hardly any) 7

Meanings of some The word some has two main meanings: a) Sometimes to emphasize quantity e. g. I have some good friends but not many Some of my best friends are accountants. b) As a sort of indefinite article= you are interested in the object itself. E. g. She bought me some records for my birthday, but I would have preferred books. Some means sometimes a particular one but I do not know which one. Form: some + NOUN Some man called this morning, but he refused to give his name 8

Meanings of some There is a difference between sometimes which means occasionally; and at some time, which means at an unspecified time e. g. I would like to see you some time next week. = one day next week I will be there some time this evening. = I am not sure exactly when I will be there. 9

Distribution All, every, and each are words which describe the group of things or people in different ways: E. g. Q: Will we go with you? Yes, each one of you. Yes, every one of you. Yes, all of you. • The same number of individuals is involved but the way of looking at them is different: All= the group seen as one Every= the group seen as a series of x members Each = the members of the group seen individually. 10

Distribution E. g. He worked hard and saved all his money. Every female rabbit in the place was in love with him He always brought a different present for each child. 11

All Meaning of all The word all contrasts with some and with no/none All = all students are supposed to come early. Some= Some students got A+ in the grammar course. No = complaints were reported. The word all occurs in these combinations. All + ǿ mass nouncount noun in the plural All+ the mass nouncount noun in the plural All+ pronoun+ mass nouncount noun in the plural All + thisthat mass noun All + thesethose count noun in the plural 12

All 1 Give up all hope of seeing them again. All passengers are requested to remain seated. 2 Have you been here all the time? I didn’t notice you before. You can tell all the people without tickets to wait outside. 3 Where have you been all my life? All my friends have gone away for Christmas. 4 Who has made all this mess? You will never get all that luggage into the car 5 All these books belong to me. You will never get all those suitcases into the car. Note The words both and half can have the same combinations Both my children are still at school. 13

All + of You must use all of with a following pronoun: All of you, all of us, all of them Similarly you ban use the words both and half with the same pronouns. You can use all of instead of all when it is in contrast to some: E. g. I do all (of) the work and you get all(of) the credit. But you can not use all of in the following sentence: All passengers are requested to remain seated. Because there is no contrast with some. 14

All + NOUN without the Use all +ǿ + NOUN when you want to make a general statement. E. g. All passengers are requested to keep their seatbelts fastened. Not all snakes are poisonous. The can be left out in time expressions: All day, all afternoon, all evening, all night, all week, etc. Exception: all the time. All or the whole? The whole is preferred to be used with count nouns in the singular: E. g. I read the whole book in one evening. 15

All A whole + noun E. g. I was so thirsty that I drank the whole bottle of milk in one go. This contrasts with (a) part of, half of, some of, etc. The whole + of I read the whole of the book I searched the whole of the building. All or everything? Generally all is not preferred to be used on its own without a noun. Instead we use everything for things, and everybody/one for people: Everybody in the office knows about them. Give everyone a copy. Note All occurs on its own in expressions where it means the only thing as in All I want is a quiet life, that will be all, thank you. , Is that all? , not at all. 16

Every Meaning of every It is a word which describes a series consisting of three or more people or things. The series may be complete or incomplete E. g. Every player in the team is a first-class footballer. (every player compares with all the players). I go shopping every Saturday. ( you can not use all) The word every occurs in the following combinations: Every + count noun in the singular one ( pronoun) Every is an adjective and must be always followed by a noun or a pronoun(one). E. g. I have read every book in the library Have you checked all the invoices? Yes, I have checked every one. 17

Every in frequency expressions A. With plural nouns: , every week, every 20 minutes. B. With the word other or with ordinals. . e. g. every other day my mother visits us every third week Every one of When you are talking about a complete series, you can use the combination: Every one of + the + count noun in the plural Every one of + thesethose + count noun in the plural Every one of + us, you, them I have read every book in this library or I have read every one of the books in this library. This construction is particularly useful with possessives I can remember every one of the children`s birthday parties. 18

Each When you add the word single to every one, the sentence becomes more emphatic. Normal all of the books in this library= all of them every book in this library = every one of them every one of the book in this library = every one of them emphatic every single one of the books in this library= every single one Meaning of each The word each is used to point to the individuals in a group of two or more, and to consider them one by one. E. g. I have checked every book in the subject, and I find that each one says something different. Each is used in the following combinations: Each + count noun in the singular one ǿ 19

Each E. g. He gave each child a present He picked up the letters and examined each one carefully Each on its own E. g. I like all of Mozart`s symphonies: each has its special charm Here you can use each or each one but there are cases where you use each only: Prices: How much are these? 60 pence each. With pronouns: he kissed the children and gave them each a present. Plural noun + each: the children each received sth different. Reciprocal each other: they love each other very much. Each of : each one of youthemus (emphatic) The meeting had begun. Each (one) of us stood up 20

Distribution All, every or each? . All and every are seen collectively but each is seen individually Either or neither We can describe distribution between two things by using the word either or its negative form neither X or Y- either will do Not X and not Y – neither will do Both roads lead to the city. You can take either road. Neither of them came to my office. 21