CH 18 STUDENT NOTES Give me your tired

CH. 18 STUDENT NOTES

Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, the wretched refuge of your teaming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest tossed to me. ” Emma Lazarus, “The New Colossus” America Moves to the City

URBANIZATION “We cannot all live in cites, yet nearly all seem determined to do so. ” – Horace Greeley Cities grew rapidly RESULT - Housing, transportation, sewers, social services, governments lagged behind in efficiency From 1860 -1900 –NY: 3 x; Chicago: 10 x By 1920 – majority of Americans lived in urban areas (first time ever!) SOURCES – migration or immigration 80 -90% city population immigrants “immigrant ghettoes” – close-knit ethnic communities

CHANGING FACE OF IMMIGRATION (1865 -1920)

• The reasons they left their homes in the Old World included war, drought, famine and religious persecution, and all had hopes for greater opportunity in the New World

EARLY IMMIGRATION The first federal immigration law, the Naturalization Act, is passed in 1790; it allows all white males living in the U. S. for two years to become citizens. Nearly 5 million people arrived from northern and western Europe over the next 45 years. Castle Garden, one of the first state-run immigration depots, opens at the Battery in lower Manhattan in 1855.

Statue of Liberty From 1900 to 1914–the peak years of Ellis Island’s operation–some 5, 000 to 10, 000 people passed through the immigration station every day. Approximately 80 percent successfully passed through in a matter of hours, but others could be detained for days or weeks.

REACTION Exclusion: xenophobia; rise of nativism “These people are not American, but the very scum and offal of Europe…Europe’s human and inhuman rubbish. ” “There should be a law to keep all the Italians from comin’ in and takin’ the bread out of the mouths of honest people. ” Fear for Anglo-Saxon purity Fear of losing political and social power

Nativist Laws • Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) • Restricted immigration from China • Immigrant Quota Act of 1921 and the National Origins Act of 1924 • limited the number and nationality of immigrants • ended the era of mass immigration into New York • From 1925 -1954, only 2. 3 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island–which was still more than half of all those entering the United States.

Thomas Nast: Catholic Invasion

URBAN LANDSCAPE Reformers, planners, architects – self-conscious creation Create city landscape: parks, culture, respond to limited space Wealthy/middle class – suburban or mansions in city Poor – tenement housing Multiple-family rental building 700 people/square mile lower east side NYC (1894)

Theories of Culture Melting Pot Assimilation Salad Bowl Pluralism

SOCIAL CLASS DISTINCTIONS • Rural society wealth based on land • Urban society: • Wealthiest – Captains of Industry • Middle class – small business owners, factory managers, accountants, service professionals • Lowest class – factory workers • Unskilled, lived close to work, unsafe conditions, low wages, layoffs during panics • Viewed by employers as parts of the machine • Workplace extremely impersonal

STRAINS OF URBAN LIFE Sanitation – improper sewage disposal and water contamination led to cholera and typhoid fever Crime and Violence – minor: pickpockets, con artists, prostitution…blamed the immigrants Political machines: political organization in which a boss commands the support of a corps of supporters and businesses who receive rewards for their efforts Large immigrant population + limited government = machines (“invisible government”) NY – Tammany Hall (Boss Tweed)

Jacob Riis • How the Other Half Lives (1890) • Described the working and living conditions of immigrants • First “muckraker”

Jane Addams • Settlement houses • Educated, trained Americans • Living in poor immigrant communities • Art, education, economic development • Hull House, Chicago

REACTION TO URBAN STRAIN “Social Gospel” – effort to make faith into a tool for social reform “NO! THIS IS NOT THE GOSPEL OF WEALTH, but Sal they both have the word gospel in them? Doesn’t that make them the exact same? NOOOO!!!!” kinda a Third Great Awakening, b/c followed by reform, but not really revivalism applying Christian ethics to social problems: inequality, crime, racial tensions, alcoholism, prostitution • Jane Addams • Hull House, Chicago – most prominent American settlement house – run by middle class women (social work) • Social, educational, artistic programs aimed at aiding immigrants to have increased knowledge, skills, opportunity

MUCKRAKERS • TR coined the term – “Men with the muckrake are often indispensable to the well-being of society, but only if they know when to stop raking the muck. " �Muckrakers were journalists and novelists who sought to expose corruption in big business and government. �The work of muckrakers influenced the passage of key legislation that strengthened protections for workers and consumers • Ida Tarbell – History of the Standard Oil Co. (1904) • Lincoln Steffen, reporter Mc. Clure’s magazine – Exposed machine politics in big cities – The Shame of the Cities – Public NEEDS to take a greater interest in public life – “The typical business man is a bad person. ”

• Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle – exposed unsanitary meatpacking and poor working conditions • Meat Inspection Act • Pure Food and Drug Act • Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

REFORM - WOMEN Anti-lynching 1892 Ida B. Wells Black journalist launched nat’l anti-lynching movement Goal – federal law to supersede state oppression Suffrage Nat’l American Suffrage Association ECS, SBA, Carrie Chapman Catt

TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT • Temperance/Prohibition of Alcohol – “dry laws” • Led by women, supported by employers • crime, unemployment, prostitution, wasting of wages, hurts family • Jan. 1920 – 18 th Amendment took effect – "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, or furnish any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act”