ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode Computer Networks ATM 1

ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode Computer Networks: ATM 1

Issues Driving LAN Changes • Traffic Integration – Voice, video and data traffic – Multimedia became the ‘buzz word’ • • One-way batch Two-way batch One-way interactive Two-way interactive Web traffic voice messages Mbone broadcasts video conferencing • Quality of Service guarantees (e. g. limited jitter, non-blocking streams) • LAN Interoperability • Mobile and Wireless nodes Computer Networks: ATM 2

Stallings “High-Speed Networks” Computer Networks: ATM 3

Stallings “High-Speed Networks” Computer Networks: ATM 4

ATM Adaptation Layers Voice AAL A/D s 1 , s 2 … cells Digital voice samples Video AAL Compression … A/D picture frames Data AAL Bursty variable-length packets Copyright © 2000 The Mc. Graw Hill Companies cells compressed frames Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Computer Networks: ATM cells Figure 9. 3 5

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Voice Data packets MUX Wasted bandwidth Images TDM 4 3 2 1 4 ATM Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Computer Networks: ATM 2 1 ` 4 Copyright © 2000 The Mc. Graw Hill Companies 3 3 1 3 2 Figure 7. 37 6

ATM • ATM standard (defined by CCITT) is widely accepted by common carriers as mode of operation for communication – particularly BISDN. • ATM is a form of cell switching using small fixedsized packets. [ to facilitate hardware switches] Basic ATM Cell Format 5 Bytes Header Copyright © 2000 The Mc. Graw Hill Companies 48 Bytes Payload Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Computer Networks: ATM Figure 9. 1 7

ATM Conceptual Model Four Assumptions 1. ATM network will be organized as a hierarchy. User’s equipment connects to networks via a UNI (User. Network Interface). Connections between provided networks are made through NNI (Network-Network Interface). 2. ATM will be connection-oriented. A connection (an ATM channel) must be established before any cells are sent. [The connection setup phase is called signaling. ] Computer Networks: ATM 8

Private ATM network Private UNI X X Private NNI I X N c. U Public ATM network A bli u P X X NNI Public UNI X B-ICI Public ATM network B X Public UNI X Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Computer Networks: ATM X Copyright © 2000 The Mc. Graw Hill Companies Figure 9. 5 9

ATM Connections • • two levels of ATM connections: virtual path connections virtual channel connections indicated by two fields in the cell header: virtual path identifier VPI virtual channel identifier VCI Computer Networks: ATM 10

ATM Virtual Connections Virtual Paths Physical Link Virtual Channels Copyright © 2000 The Mc. Graw Hill Companies Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Computer Networks: ATM Figure 7. 40 11

ATM Conceptual Model Assumptions (cont. ) 3. Vast majority of ATM networks will run on optical fiber networks with extremely low error rates. 4. ATM must supports low cost attachments • This decision lead to a significant decision – to prohibit cell reordering in ATM networks. ATM switch design is more difficult. Computer Networks: ATM 12

Figure 3. 16 ATM Cell Format at the UNI P&D slide Computer Networks: ATM 13

UNI Cell Format ATM cell header GFC (4 bits) VPI (4 bits) VCI (8 bits) VCI (4 bits) PT (3 bits) CLP (1 bit) HEC (8 bits) Payload (48 bytes) Copyright © 2000 The Mc. Graw Hill Companies Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Computer Networks: ATM Figure 9. 7 14

ATM Cell Switching 1 voice 67 1 video 67 2 data 39 3 video 25 5 video 61 N 1 75 32 61 3 2 39 67 67 … 6 data 32 voice 32 25 32 … … Switch Copyright © 2000 The Mc. Graw Hill Companies N video 75 N Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Computer Networks: ATM Figure 7. 38 15

VP 3 a b c d e ATM Sw 1 a VP 5 ATM Sw 2 ATM DCC ATM Sw 3 b c VP 2 VP 1 ATM Sw 4 Sw = switch d e Digital Cross Connect Only switches virtual paths Copyright © 2000 The Mc. Graw Hill Companies Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Computer Networks: ATM Figure 7. 39 16

ATM Protocol Architecture • ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) – the protocol for packaging data into cells is collectively referred to as AAL. • Must efficiently package higher level data such as voice samples, video frames and datagram packets into a series of cells. Design Issue: How many adaptation layers should there be? Computer Networks: ATM 17

Management plane Higher layers Plane management User plane Layer management Control plane ATM adaptation layer ATM layer Physical layer Copyright © 2000 The Mc. Graw Hill Companies Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Computer Networks: ATM Figure 9. 2 18

User information AAL ATM ATM PHY PHY … End system Copyright © 2000 The Mc. Graw Hill Companies Network Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Computer Networks: ATM End system Figure 9. 4 19

Original ATM Architecture • CCITT envisioned four classes of applications (A-D) requiring four distinct adaptation layers (1 -4) which would be optimized for an application class: A. B. C. D. Constant bit-rate applications CBR Variable bit-rate applications VBR Connection-oriented data applications Connectionless data application Computer Networks: ATM 20

ATM Architecture An AAL is further divided into: Convergence Sublayer (CS) manages the flow of data to and from SAR sublayer. Segmentation and Reassembly Sublayer (SAR) breaks data into cells at the sender and reassembles cells into larger data units at the receiver. Computer Networks: ATM 21

AAL ■■■ ATM Figure 3. 17 Segmentation and Reassembly in ATM P&D slide Computer Networks: ATM 22

Original ATM Architecture Computer Networks: ATM 23

ATM layer Transmission convergence sublayer Physical medium dependent sublayer Physical medium Copyright © 2000 The Mc. Graw Hill Companies Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Computer Networks: ATM Figure 9. 6 24

Original ATM Architecture • The AAL interface was initially defined as classes A-D with SAP (service access points) for AAL 1 -4. • AAL 3 and AAL 4 were so similar that they were merged into AAL 3/4. • The data communications community concluded that AAL 3/4 was not suitable for data communications applications. They pushed for standardization of AAL 5 (also referred to as SEAL – the Simple and Efficient Adaptation Layer). • AAL 2 was not initially deployed. Computer Networks: ATM 25

Revised ATM Architecture Computer Networks: ATM 26

Revised ATM Service Categories Class Description Example CBR Constant Bit Rate T 1 circuit RT-VBR Real Time Variable Bit Rate Real-time videoconferencing NRT-VBR Non-real-time Variable Bit Multimedia email Rate ABR Available Bit Rate Browsing the Web UBR Unspecified Bit Rate Background file transfer Computer Networks: ATM 27

Qo. S, PVC, and SVC • Quality of Service (Qo. S) requirements are handled at connection time and viewed as part of signaling. • ATM provides permanent virtual connections and switched virtual connections. – Permanent Virtual Connections (PVC) permanent connections set up manually by network manager. – Switched Virtual Connections (SVC) set up and released on demand by the end user via signaling procedures. Computer Networks: ATM 28

AAL 1 Payload (b) CS PDU with pointer in structured data transfer 47 Bytes AAL 1 Pointer 1 Byte 46 Bytes optional (a) SAR PDU header CSI 1 bit SNP Seq. Count 3 bits Copyright © 2000 The Mc. Graw Hill Companies 4 bits Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Computer Networks: ATM Figure 9. 11 29

AAL 1 Higher layer b 1 b 2 … b 3 User data stream CS PDUs Convergence sublayer 47 47 47 SAR PDUs SAR sublayer 1 ATM layer Copyright © 2000 The Mc. Graw Hill Companies 1 47 47 H H 5 H H H 48 5 1 47 ATM Cells H 48 5 48 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Computer Networks: ATM Figure 9. 10 30

Convergent Sublayer PDUs (a) CPCS-PDU format Trailer Header CPI Btag BASize 1 1 Pad AL Etag Length CPCS - PDU Payload 2 (bytes) 1 - 65, 535 (bytes) 8 8 16 CPI Btag BASize < 64 KB User data 0 -3 1 1 2 (bytes) 0─24 8 8 16 Pad 0 Etag Len Figure 3. 18 AAL 3/4 Computer Networks: ATM P&D slide 31

(b) SAR PDU format Segmentation and Assembly PDU Trailer (2 bytes) Header (2 bytes) ST SN MID 2 4 (bits) 10 SAR - PDU Payload 44 (bytes) Figure 3. 19 AAL 3/4 Computer Networks: ATM LI CRC 6 10 (bits) P&D slide 32

Figure 3. 20 Encapsulation and Segmentation for AAL 3/4 P&D slide Computer Networks: ATM 33

AAL 3/4 Higher layer Information User message Service specific convergence sublayer Common part convergence sublayer SAR sublayer Assume null H Information PAD 4 4 2 44 Pad message to multiple of 4 bytes. Add header and trailer. T 2 ATM layer Copyright © 2000 The Mc. Graw Hill Companies 2 44 2 … 2 44 2 Each SAR-PDU consists of 2 -byte header, 2 -byte trailer, and 44 -byte payload. … Figure 9. 15 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Computer Networks: ATM 34

AAL 5 Convergent Sublayer Format Information 0 - 65, 535 (bytes) Copyright © 2000 The Mc. Graw Hill Companies Pad UU CPI 0 -47 1 1 (bytes) Length CRC 2 4 Figure 9. 19 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks < 64 KB 0─ 47 bytes 16 16 32 Data Pad Reserved Len CRC-32 Figure 3. 21 ATM Adaptation Layer 5 P&D slide Computer Networks: ATM 35

AAL 5 SAR Format ATM Header 48 bytes of Data 1 -bit end-of-datagram field (PTI) Copyright © 2000 The Mc. Graw Hill Companies Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Computer Networks: ATM Figure 9. 19 36

AAL 5 Information Higher layer Service specific convergence sublayer Assume null Common part convergence sublayer SAR sublayer Information PAD T … 48 (0) 48 (1) Figure 9. 18 ATM layer … PTI = 0 Copyright © 2000 The Mc. Graw Hill Companies PTI = 1 PTI = 0 Computer Networks: ATM Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks 37

Figure 3. 22 Encapsulation and Segmentation for AAL 5 P&D slide Computer Networks: ATM 38

Control processor Switch fabric Input port Output port Figure 3. 28 ATM Switch P&D slide Computer Networks: ATM 39

Figure 3. 30 4 x 4 Crossbar Switch P&D slide Computer Networks: ATM 40

Figure 3. 31 Self-Routing Headers P&D slide Computer Networks: ATM 41

Figure 3. 32 Banyan Switching P&D slide Computer Networks: ATM 42