Artificial States of Consciousness Hypnosis n Meditation n

Artificial States of Consciousness Hypnosis n Meditation n Psychoactive Drugs n

n Hypnosis n n n ---Posthypnotic amnesia ---Posthypnotic suggestions Hypermnesia

n Hypnosis n a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur n a relaxed state n Divided consciousness

• Hypnosis is not a state of unconsciousness, nor is it complete mind control • Hypnosis is a heightened state of awareness and relaxation, combined with a large degree of openness to suggestion

Hypnotic Suggestibility related to subject’s openness to suggestion n ability to focus attention inwardly n ability to become imaginatively absorbed n

Can you be hypnotized? n n n Imagine you are holding in your hand a lemon. A bright yellow lemon with shiny, puckered skin. Bring it up to your nose and inhale the citrus smell. Take your other hand peel back a big piece of the skin to expose the white pith and the juicy fruit underneath. Now bring the lemon up to your mouth and bite right down into it, sucking in all the juices…. Salivating? If you are Like most people, you probably started salivating once I asked you to imagine a lemon in your hand. You have just used the power of your mind to create a physical change in your body in about 15 seconds.

n n supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis Posthypnotic Amnesia induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion

Posthypnotic Suggestion suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized n used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors n

Hypermnesia “supposed” enhancement of a person’s memory for past events through a hypnotic suggestion You Are Getting Sleepy…

Can hypnosis enhance recall of forgotten events? • Age regression therapy (the ability to re-live childhood memories) is very limited in its effectiveness…. . • age regressed people may act as they think a a 6 -year old would, but most often they combine new memories and fantasy with what may have been reality

Can hypnosis force people to act against their will? • Hypnotee is aware of everything the hypnotist says at all times while they are experiencing hypnosis. • Directly proposed hypnotic suggestions cannot make you do anything against your morals, religion, or self-preservation. • An authoritative person in a legitimate context can induce people, hypnotized or not, to perform some unlikely acts

Can hypnosis alleviate pain? • Dissociation is a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others – IE. An unhypnotized patient will feel the pain of an ice bath in less than 25 seconds. A hypnotized patient will feel the cold, but not the pain, though their sensory systems will register the activity is present

Help Through Hypnosis Reduce pain n Reduce stress n Improve concentration and motivation n Modify behavior in eating disorders n Suppress the gag reflex (dentist) n Eliminate recurring nightmares n …. much more! n

Hypnosis in Action: n n Forgetting! At the Dentist!

Meditation n Any one of a number of sustained concentration techniques that focus attention and heighten awareness

Two Forms of Meditation All forms of meditation have the goal of controlling or retraining attention • Concentration Techniques • • Mantra (focus) Opening Up Techniques • Quiet awareness of the here and now

Drug-Altered Consciousness n Psychoactive Drugs- change moods and perceptions

Substance Abuse • Recurrent substance use that results in disruption of academic, social or occupational functioning or in legal or psychological problems

Physical Dependence n A condition in which a person has physically adapted to a drug so that he or she must take the drug regularly in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms

Tolerance § Increasing amounts of a physically addictive drug are needed to produce the original, desired effect

Big effect Response to first exposure Drug effect After repeated exposure, more drug is needed to produce same effect Little effect Large Small Drug dose

Withdrawal Symptoms n n Unpleasant physical reactions, combined with intense drug cravings Occur when abstaining from a drug when physically dependent

Drug Rebound Effect • Withdrawal symptoms are opposite to the drugs action

Do I Have A Drug Problem? • Dependence is defined as exhibiting three of the following seven symptoms over a 12 month period of time

• Developing tolerance • Experiencing withdrawal symptoms when attempting to stop • Using a substance for a longer period, or in greater quantities, than originally intended • Making repeated attempts to stop or cut-back on drug usage

• Devoting a great deal of time attempting to obtain or use a substance • Giving up or reducing social, occupational, or recreational activities as a result of drug use • Continuing to use a substance even after negative physical or psychological effects have occurred, or will continue to occur with usage

Depressants n n drugs that reduce neural activity slow body function Alcohol- widely used, abuse common ü Barbiturates- sedation meds ü Tranquilizers - Valium ü

Pain Killers/Opiates ü ü Mimics endorphines Opiates- mostly illegal, produce euphoria alters the brains reaction to pain ü Opium ü Morphine ü Heroin – the most frequently abused opiate

n n Stimulants n drugs that excite neural activity n speed up body function produce feelings of optimism and boundless energy, arouse behavior, and increase mental awareness; stimulates the cerebral cortex

Stimulants ü Caffeine- widely used, addictive ü Nicotine- widely used, addictive ü Amphetamineseuphoria/crash ü Cocaine- coca bush n

IE. Cocaine ¡Cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine (pleasure), norepinepherine (energy), and serotonin (arousal), so the feelings generated by those neurotransmitters intensifies as they linger in the synapse longer

Psychedelics/Hallucinogens n psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input ü LSD- psychotic state similarity ü Marijuana- cannabis plant, THC similar to LSD ü Mescaline ü Peyote n

Why is marijuana considered a hallucinogen? ¡It relaxes, disinhibits, and may cause a euphoric high like alcohol, but it may also amplify sensitivity to colors, sounds, tastes, and smells

Click Brain for Mouse Party

Drug Type Pleasurable Effects Adverse Effects Alcohol Depressant Initial high followed by Depression, memory loss, organ relaxation and disinhibition damage, impaired reactions Heroin Depressant Rush of euphoria, relief from Depressed physiology, pain agonizing withdrawal Caffeine Stimulant Increased alertness and Anxiety, restlessness, and wakefulness insomnia in high doses; uncomfortable withdrawal Metham- Stimulant Euphoria, alertness, energy Irritability, insomnia, phetamine hypertension, seizures Cocaine Stimulant Rush of euphoria, confidence, Cardiovascular stress, energy suspiciousness, depressive crash Nicotine Stimulant Arousal and relaxation, sense Heart disease, cancer (from of well-being tars) Marijuana Mild Enhanced sensation, pain relief Lowered sex hormones, hallucinogen distortion of time, relaxation memory, lung damage from smoke