Ancient Greece from the Minoans to the Macedonians

Ancient Greece from the Minoans to the Macedonians

Impact of Geography on Ancient Greece Table of Contents Big Question – How did the geography of Greece shape economic, social, and political development and patterns of trade and colonization? Mountains covered 75 % of terrain, separating Greece into small isolated regions. City-states develop. No central government! Scarcity of level land for farming grains caused rivalries between city-states. Rugged, hilly terrain was ideal for growing crops such as grapes and olives. Many deep harbors and calm waters Overseas trade and travel invited sea trade. made easy by many seas, islands, and coastal settlements. Lack of resources and farmland + overpopulation forced Greeks to establish colonies.

Impact of Geography on Ancient Greece Big Question – How did the geography of Greece shape economic, social, and political development and patterns of trade and colonization?

Evolution of Greek Governments Monarchy –earliest form of government in Greece; rule by a king Where did the right to rule usually come from in a monarchy? *Citizenship in the Greek Polis • Who were “Citizens” in Greece? Hereditary rule and often claiming divine right Aristocracy - rule by small group of noble, land-owning families • Free adult males • Only ones with political rights and participation in government. What would be a drawback to an aristocracy? Did not represent the masses. Very few had right to participate in government. Oligarchy – rule by a few powerful people Why do you think oligarchies eventually lost power? • Who were not “Citizens” in Greece? • Women, foreigners and slaves have no political rights Rulers did not look out for good of the people. Became self-serving; and people revolted. Tyranny – rule by one who took over by force/through revolt How and why did early tyrants often come to power? Tyrants appealed to the poor & discontented promising changes and reform. Democracy – rule by the people How did Athens’ democracy differ from ours today? Athens had narrow definition of “citizenship”. However, Athenian gov’t expected participation. Table of Contents

Evolution of Greek Governments Monarchy – *Citizenship in the Greek Polis Where did the right to rule usually come from in a monarchy? • Who were “Citizens” in Greece? Aristocracy What would be a drawback to an aristocracy? • Who were not “Citizens” in Greece? Oligarchy – Why do you think oligarchies eventually lost power? Tyranny – How and why did early tyrants often come to power? Democracy – Directions: Use pgs. 115 -117 to define each type of government and answer the questions. How did Athens’ democracy differ from ours today? Table of Contents

Introduction to Greek Life Things to Know An outdoor lifestyle – the mild Mediterranean climate promoted an outdoor civic & cultural life. The Agora – open area gathering place in the center of the polis; center of social, economic and political life. Hellenic culture – Greeks refer to themselves as Hellenes; Greek culture = Hellenic culture Ancient Greece The Acropolis – a fortified hilltop in the center of many city-states. The most famous is the Acropolis in Athens. The most famous building on the Acropolis is the Parthenon. Four Bonds that United All Greeks • Common language & literature – Homeric epic & others • Religion – Greek mythology connected to all Greeks • Olympic Games – united city-states in competition; 1 st held in 476 B. C. • Fear of the Persians – Defense of homeland unites Greek Polis = City-state - an urban center and the countryside surrounding it. Ancient Greece consisted of hundreds of independentlygoverned city-states Greeks considered themselves members of their polis, not of a country. Table of Contents

Introduction to Greek Life Things to Know An outdoor lifestyle – the mild Mediterranean climate promoted an _____________________________ The Agora – open area gathering place in the center of the polis; ______________________________ Ancient Greece The ___________ – a ______________in the center of many city-states. The most famous is the Acropolis in Athens. The most famous building on the Acropolis is the ______________ Hellenic culture – Greeks refer to themselves as _________; Greek culture = _____ culture Greek Polis = ________ - an urban center (city) and the land surrounding it. Ancient Greece consisted of hundreds of __________________________ • _________________– Homeric epic ___ & others __________________ Greeks considered themselves ___ • ___________– Greek mythology connected to all Greeks ______________ • _________________– united city- ______________ states in competition; 1 st held in 476 B. C. ____________________________ • _____________– Defense of homeland unites Greeks

Persian Empire under Darius Back to Greece

Athens vs. Sparta Table of Contents 5. 2 Wkbk Two city-states with very different views Athens Sparta Type of Government Democracy Oligarchy Assembly = All citizens; Assembly Council of Elders – proposed laws Government Assembly – elected officials, voted on participation passed laws + served as supreme court issues Council of 500 – randomly chosen Ephors – carried out laws; courts - proposed laws 2 kings – commanded military Education and military duty Boys – school from age 7 -18 • Studied literature, math, drawing, music, & rhetoric • At 18 – served 2 years in military • Strongest Greek navy Life revolved around military! • Boys – Age 7, went to military barracks; learned to read, write & use weapons. Soldiers from 20 -60 • Strongest Greek army Position of women Girls – no formal ed. • Learned household duties: weaving, baking, child care • No gov’t participation! Expected to be healthy & strong = healthy babies • Gymnastics, boxing, wrestling • More personal rights than other women • Still, no gov’t participation

Athens vs. Sparta Two city-states with very different views Type of Government Athens Council of Elders – proposed laws Assembly – elected officials, voted on issues Ephors – carried out laws; courts 2 kings – commanded military Government participation Education and military duty Position of women Sparta Boys – school from age 7 -18 • Studied literature, math, drawing, music, & rhetoric • At 18 – served 2 years in military • Strongest Greek navy Expected to be healthy & strong = healthy babies • Gymnastics, boxing, wrestling • More personal rights than other women • Still, no gov’t participation

Back to Athens vs. Sparta Warring City-States - 5. 2 1. How did Sparta treat the Messenians? 5. How did Pisistratus gain the support of the poor? Made them Helots, peasants Gave funds to peasants to buy forced to stay on the land farm equipment; created jobs by they worked and turn over launching building programs half their crop 2. What was the primary cause of conflict between rich and poor in Athens? Struggle over political power 3. What type of society did Sparta create in response to the revolt? Strong, highly disciplined military state 4. What economic and political reforms did Solon initiate? Outlawed debt slavery, gave more power to the Assembly, allowed all citizens to bring legal suits, encouraged overseas trade. 6. What steps did Cleisthenes take to create a limited democracy in Athens? Reorganized law-making assembly, allowed all citizens to introduce laws, created Council of Five Hundred chosen by lot to counsel assembly. 7. What advantages did the Greek soldiers have over the Persians? Discipline, training, heavy armor, and the phalanx formation 8. What were the consequences of the Persian Wars? End of Persian threat and emergence of Golden Age of Athens

The Persian Wars Table of Contents Greek city-states vs. Persian Empire 490 – 479 B. C. 1 st Persian War • Begins with Ionian Revolt • Battle of Marathon Persian War organizer 2 nd Persian War • Battle of Thermopylae • Battle of Salamis • Battle of Plataea

Major Events of the Persian Wars Back to Persian Wars

Back to Persian Wars Ionian Revolt Persia Ionia • 546 B. C. – _______ conquers Greek settlements of _______. Ionians revolt • 499 B. C. – _____________ against Persian rule. Athens • _______ sends troops to help Ionians fight Persians. Athenians destroy Persian town. King Darius • Persia’s ________________ sends troops to put down the revolt. • After 5 years, Persia suppresses the revolt. Persia back in control. attack mainland Greece • Darius decides to _______________________ to punish Athens. Ionia

1 st Persian War Battle of Marathon Back to Persian Wars Aegean Sea • 490 B. C. – Darius sent his fleet across _______________ to attack Athens. Marathon • Persian landed on the beaches of ____________; Athenians attacked them there. Greeks • ____________ attacked while the Persians were preparing to board their ships. Persians • __________ were defeated and sailed home rather than attack Athens directly.

2 nd Persian War Back to Persian Wars Battle of Thermopylae 10 years north • ________ after Marathon, Darius’ son Xerxes invades Greece from the ______. 300 Spartans • _______________ and other Greeks decide to fight Persians at Thermopylae. mountains sea • Thermopylae = narrow strip of land between ________ and _____ in northern Greece. Spartans • ________ hold back massive Persian army long enough for other Greeks to escape. they become heroes • Persians surround Spartans and all 300 Spartans are killed; _______________.

17

2 nd Persian War Back to Persian Wars Battle of Salamis • ___________ and troops destroyed Athens. Xerxes Strait of Salamis • Athenians led Persian fleet into narrow ___________________ • Persia’s ________________ crowded together in the narrow strait. larger heavier ships destroying • Greece’s lighter faster ships rammed Persian ships, _______ most of the Persian fleet. Xerxes retreat for home • __________ and most of the Persian army _______________. • Xerxes ____________________ to continue the fight. leaves one army

End of Persian Wars Back to Persian Wars Battle of Plataea • Spring of 479 B. C. – ________________ continued their assault Persian army 40, 000 Greeks Plataea • _____________, led by the Spartans, met the Persians at ________. • The _________________ the Persian army, the Persian Wars were over. Greeks destroyed

Results of the Persian Wars • Athens and Sparta united to defeat Persians. • Greeks retain control of Aegean Sea. • Athens leads Greece into Golden Age. • Athens forms Delian League; alliance of 140 city-states. • Delian League drives Persians out of bordering areas. • Athens establishes an “Aegean Empire”.

Major Events of the Persian Wars Ionian Revolt Battle of Thermopylae Battle of Marathon Battle of Plataea Battle of Salamis Directions: From pgs. 118 – 119; write a headline and a 1 -2 sentence summary for each of the events listed above. Also, write a date for each event in the boxes on the timeline. Back to Persian Wars

The Golden Age of Greece also known as the Age of Pericles To you who are the sons and brothers of the departed, I see that the struggle to emulate them will be an arduous one. Pericles -Pericles Funeral Oration Table of Contents

I. II. Greece’s Golden Age (480 – 430 B. C. ) For 50 years, Athens experienced significant intellectual and artistic learning. III. Legacies of this time continue to inspire and instruct today. A. Pericles leads Athens through Golden Age 1. Pericles was a skillful politician and respected general 2. 461 -429 B. C. often called Age of Pericles B. Pericles had 3 goals for Athens 1. Strengthen the democracy a. Increased # of paid public officials – more poor could serve b. Introduced direct democracy – citizens rule directly, not through reps. 2. Strengthen Athenian Empire a. Pericles used Delian League money to build navy of 200 ships b. Increased safety and secured overseas trade routes

Pericles goals continued 3. Glorify Athens a. Pericles used Delian League money to beautify Athens b. 15 year project to build Parthenon = temple to Athena C. Greek Styles in Art and Architecture 1. Artists and sculptors create idealized human form a. Figures were strong, graceful and perfectly formed 2. Greek buildings were classified by their columns – 3 types a. Doric – no base and a plain round capital (top part) – Parthenon b. Ionic – rounded base and a scroll shaped capital c. Corinthian – most elaborate, rounded base with capitals intricately carved with leaf patterns. D. Greek Drama 1. Greeks invented drama and built first theaters in the west. 2. Stories involved leadership, justice, and duties to the gods.

3. 2 Kinds of drama – tragedy and comedy a. Tragedy – themes such as love, hate, war, betrayal - featured tragic hero whose flaw was downfall b. Comedy – slapstick situations and crude humor - many comedies were satires – poked fun at a subject - Playwrights made fun of fashion, politics, respected people or ideas - This showed an openness of public discussion in Athens. E. Greek Philosophers Search for the Truth 1. Philosophers, meaning “lovers of wisdom”, based philosophy on 2 assumptions. a. The universe is put together in an orderly way, subject to absolute and unchanging laws. b. People can understand these laws through logic and reason. 2. Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle = leading Greek philosophers a. Their ideas laid foundations for western thought & education.

The Peloponnesian War Delian League vs. Peloponnesian League Delian League Peloponnesian League Table of Contents Notes

Athens uses protected port to hold out against Sparta Back

Peloponnesian Wars - Notes Back to Peloponnesian Wars Athens holds out against Sparta Athen and Sparta go to War – Peloponnesian Wars (431 -404 B. C. ) A. Athens formed the Delian League 1. Alliance between Athens and other city-states 2. Athens required large tributes & loyalty from members 3. Many city-states turned to Sparta for protection B. Sparta formed the Peloponnesian League 1. Alliance between Sparta and other city-states 2. Sparta & Pel. League declare war on Athens C. The Peloponnesian War (Delian League vs. Pelo. League) 1. Lasted 27 years 2. Athens stricken/weakened by a great plague 3. Sparta eventually defeats Athens 4. Sparta wins Peloponnesian War! D. Greece enters period of instability and weakness 1. Leaves them open to attack 2. Macedonia (land to the north) conquers Greek city-states

Macedonian Conquest of Greece and the Rise of Alexander the Great Table of Contents

The Hellenistic Age Pharos Lighthouse in Alexandria Egypt Table of Contents

Euclid Hellenistic mathematician Wrote Elements – basis of modern geometry Elements

Archimedes Law of the Lever Compound Pulley

Greek Mythology Essential Understanding: Greek mythology was based on a polytheistic religion that was central to the culture, politics, and art in Ancient. Essential Question: How did mythology help the early Greek civilization explain the natural world and the human condition? ____________________________________________________ __________________________ Essential Understanding: Many of Western civilization’s symbols, metaphors, words, and idealized images come from ancient Greek mythology. Essential Question: What impact did Greek mythology have on later civilizations and the modern world? ____________________________________________________ __________________________

Greek Mythology Essential Understanding: Greek mythology was based on a polytheistic religion that was central to the culture, politics, and art in Ancient. Essential Question: How did mythology help the early Greek civilization explain the natural world and the human condition? Greek Mythology = polytheistic religion - Explained mysteries of nature and human life -Gods directly involved in human life -Gods displayed human qualities/characteristics -Gods believed to have lived on Mount Olympus Table of Contents

Greek Mythology continued Essential Understanding: Many of Western civilization’s symbols, metaphors, words, and idealized images come from ancient Greek mythology. Essential Question: What impact did Greek mythology have on later civilizations and the modern world? Greek Mythology - Major deities = Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Athena, Hades - Romans adopt Greeks gods but change names - Things we see and say everyday come from Greek mythology. Table of Contents

The Twelve Olympians, in Greek mythology, were the principal gods of the Greek pantheon, residing atop Mount Olympus. There were, at various times, fourteen different gods recognized as Olympians, though never more than twelve at one time. Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Ares, Hermes, Hephaestus, Aphrodite, Athena, Apollo, and Artemis are always considered Olympians. Hestia, Demeter, Dionysus, and Hades are the variable gods among the Twelve. Hestia gave up her position as an Olympian to Dionysus in order to live among mankind (eventually she was assigned the role of tending the fire on Mount Olympus). Persephone spent six months of the year in the underworld (causing winter), and was allowed to return to Mount Olympus for the other six months in order to be with her mother, Demeter. And, although Hades was always one of the principal Greek gods, his home in the underworld of the dead made his connection to the Olympians more tenuous. The Olympians gained their supremacy in the world of gods after Zeus led his siblings to victory in war with the Titans; Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter, Hestia, and Hades were siblings; all other Olympians (with the exception of foam-born Aphrodite) are usually considered the children of Zeus by various mothers, except for Athena, who in some versions of the myth was born of Zeus alone. Additionally some versions of the myth state that Hephaestus was born of Hera alone as Hera's revenge for Zeus' solo birth of Athena.

Zeus

Hera Zeus’ wife and sister

Poseidon God of the Sea

Hades and Persephone

Athena Goddess of Wisdom, Peace and Defensive war.

Aphrodite Goddess of Beauty and Erotic Love

Apollo God of the Sun, Music, and Poetry

Hermes The Messenger God

Prometheus He was a champion of human-kind known for his wily intelligence, who stole fire from Zeus and gave it to mortals. Zeus then punished him for his crime by having him bound to a rock while a great eagle ate his liver every day only to have it grow back to be eaten again the next day.

The Agora in Athens The heartbeat of the Greek polis Back to Ancient Greece

The Acropolis in Athens Back to Ancient Greece

Back to Ancient Greece

Greek City-States Back to Ancient Greece

Grapes Olives Back to Geography

Greeks colonize throughout Mediterranean and Black Seas Back to Geography

The Olympic Games – built rivalries and competition among Greeks Next Olympic slide Back to Ancient Greece

Back to Ancien Greece

Greek Geography and Mythology POP Quiz 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. What percentage of land is covered by mountains in Greece? 25%, 50%, 75%, 90% True or False – Greece had a strong central government. Greece had little land for growing ___________. List Greece two main crops. _________ and __________ List one characteristic of the waters surrounding Greece that invited sea trade. ___________ Greece established ___________ to provide resources and space for a growing population. Was Greek mythology monotheistic or polytheistic? _______________ Where was the home of the Greek deities? ______________ Which group adopted Greek mythology but changed names? Give an example of Greek mythology in today’s world. ____________________

56

Athens vs. Sparta Table of Contents 5. 2 Wkbk Two city-states with very different views Athens Type of Government participation Education and military duty Position of women Democracy Sparta Oligarchy