11 3 Review The Emancipation Proclamation The Proclamation

11. 3 Review The Emancipation Proclamation • The Proclamation did what? – Freed slaves in areas that were fighting against the Union • What was it’s main purpose? – To hurt the Southern war effort • How did it hurt the South? 1. Confiscated their property (slaves) 2. Prevented a Confederate alliance with England & France 3. Led to 215, 000 extra Union soldiers (Turned war into fight for freedom)

Chapter 11, Section 4 The Civil War & American Life p. 402 -406 The war causes divisions in both North & South while changing the lives of civilians & soldiers alike.

Divisions Over the War Main Idea: On both sides, pursuit of the war is hampered by disagreements among the people. • Southern Division: some southern states object to the Confederate draft of their men – Some states (S. C. ) don’t want officers from other states commanding their soldiers • Northern Division: Democrats blame Lincoln for the war. – Demand a negotiated peace with the Confederacy • Both Abraham Lincoln & Jefferson Davis suspend the writ of habeas corpus – Constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment Copperheads: Northern Democrats opposed to the war (p. 403)

The Draft Laws Main Idea: Both sides find it necessary to draft men into military service. • High causality rates & desertion force both sides to issue draft – a system of required military service. • South draft men aged 18 -35 – Later, age extended to 17 -50 • North draft men ages 20 -45 – Wealthy families can pay $300 to avoid draft. – Southerners who own 20 or more slaves don’t have to serve. • Draft causes riots in New York, -July, 1863 Rioters protesting “poor man’s fight” clash with Federal troops in New York – Riot lasts several days: destroy property of the wealthy & attack African Americans (see page 404)

The War and Economic Strain Main Idea: The war strains the finances of governments and individuals. • Industry booms in North – Causes labor shortage • To pay for the war, Congress levies the first income tax – to impose by law – tax based on the amount of money earned • North uses paper money to finance the war – This creates inflation in North – general rise in prices – Inflation far worse in South • South suffers food shortages – 1, 000 women riot in Richmond, looting stores for clothing, shoes, & food in 1863 Food Riots in Richmond, VA

Women in the Civil War Main Idea: The war opens many new opportunities for women, who contribute greatly to the war effort. • Home Front: North & South – Run farms & plantations – Work factory jobs – Work government jobs • War Front: North & South – Spies – Scouts • At least 400 women pose as men to join the army. • Before the Civil War, men were the nurses • Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell: 1 st Female doctor in America – Stress cleanliness in medicine & military camps Clara Barton: Founder of the American Red Cross

Mary Boykin Chesnut • Wife of U. S. Senator, James Chesnut, Jr. (South Carolina) – He served as brigadier general in Confederate Army • She kept a personal diary throughout the war (Feb. 1861 -Jun. 1865) – Witnessed bombardment of Ft. Sumter • Diary is primary source with a Southern point-of-view – Awarded Pulitzer prize for history

Spy vs. Spy Rose O’Neal Greenhow Elizabeth Van Lew • Liked to throw parties for Union Officers • passed information to Confederacy • Deported to England-drowned in a ship wreck • Union Spy in Richmond • Called “Crazy Bet” acted crazy around Confederates • Spied on Jefferson Davis at the Confederate White House • Gen. Grant, "You have sent me the most valuable information received from Richmond during the war. "

Is it Mr. or Mrs. ? Frances Clalin Clayton Jack Williams Frances Clayton fought beside her husband during the Civil War as Jack Williams in a Missouri artillery unit and later in the cavalry

Jenny Hodgers/Albert D. Cashier • Enlisted in Illinois 95 th Infantry Regiment as Albert D. Cashier – Served until the war was over • Continued posing as Albert D. Cashier until shortly before her death – Received a veteran’s pension for her service