World Meteorological Organization WMO OMM Working together in

World Meteorological Organization WMO OMM Working together in weather, climate and water Wind Observations in the Global Observing System – a WMO Perspective ISS Winds Mission Science Workshop, Miami, Feb 10 -11 2011 Lars Peter Riishojgaard, Chair CBS OPAG-IOS and Jerome Lafeuille, Space-based Observing Systems Division, WMO Space Programme www. wmo. int

Outline WMO OMM • WMO, WWW and the GOS • The WMO Rolling Requirements Review – • • CBS, OPAG-IOS, Expert Teams, Workshops The current GOS – Mass and wind – Data impacts WMO Vision for the GOS in 2025 Miami, 2/10/11 ISS Winds Science Mission 2

WMO OMM WMO, WWW and the GOS • WMO: World Meteorological Organization; a specialized agency of the United Nations; the UN system's authoritative voice on meteorology, climatology, hydrology – WWW, World Weather Watch: Core WMO programme since 1963; observing systems, information systems and telecommunication facilities, and data-processing and forecasting centres; backbone for efficient meteorological and hydrological services, worldwide – Key WWW components: • GTS (Global Telecommunications System) evolving towards Miami, 2/10/11 ISS Winds Science Mission 3 WIS

WMO OMM WMO Global Observing System • Coordinated system of methods and facilities for making meteorological and other environmental observations on a global scale in support of all WMO Programs – – – Surface stations Upper-air network Marine observations Aircraft Satellite systems • Owned and operated by WMO member states on behalf of WMO; subject to WMO Regulatory Materials • WMO vets and documents requirements for the GOS through its Rolling Requirements Review Miami, 2/10/11 ISS Winds Science Mission 4

WMO OMM The Rolling Requirements Review (RRR) in the WMO structure • Commission for Basic Systems; one of eight WMO Technical Commissions. President: Fred Branski, NOAA/NWS –… – OPAG for the Integrated Observing System; one of four OPAGs under CBS. Chair: L. P. Riishojgaard, JCSDA • … • Expert Team on the Evolution of the Global Observing System; one of six Expert Teams under OPAG-IOS. Chair: John Eyre, Met Office – Requirements database (by application area) for Global NWP, Regional NWP, Nowcasting, Agrometeorology, etc. – Capabilities database (by observing system), e. g. RAOBS, GEO imagers, AMDAR, buoys, etc. – Gap analysis, Statements of Guidance – Implementation plan Miami, 2/10/11 – Vision for ISS the Winds Science Mission 5 GOS in 2025

WMO OMM RRR (I) • ET-EGOS – Meets once a year in Geneva – Oversees all requirements, all application areas through focal points – Interacts with other CBS Expert Teams, teams from other WMO Technical Commissions and co-sponsored programs (e. g. GCOS) • WMO Rapporteur on Scientific Evaluation of Impact Studies (formerly “Rapporteur on OSEs and OSSEs”) – Responsible for gathering community input specifically on NWP • WMO Workshop on the Impact of Various Observing Systems on NWP – Every four years, by invitation only, organized by Rapporteur on SEIS and OPAG-IOS – All major NWP Centers meet to compare impacts of all major elements of the GOS – OSEs and adjoint sensitivity Miami, 2/10/11 ISS Windsdiagnostics Science Mission 6

Impact of GOS components on 24 -h ECMWF Global Forecast skill (courtesy of Erik Andersson, ECMWF) Growing importance of research data Satellite data now account for most of the skill Slide 7

Impacts of Various Observing Systems in GEOS-5. 5. 1 Ron Gelaro, GMAO 24 -hr Forecasts from 00 z Analyses on 28 Jan – 02 March 2010 Adjoint-Based Global Forecast Error Measure Impact Per Observation Total Impact RAOBs continue to be important for some systems Forecast Error Reduction (1 e-6 J/kg) Forecast Error Reduction (J/kg) Improves Forecast Degrades Forecast Observation Count Fraction of Beneficial Observations Miami, 2/10/11 ISS Winds Science Mission Science Workshop 8

Importance of Satellite Data in NWP http: //www. nrlmry. navy. mil/obsens/ Satellite Data has become the single most important component of the global observing network for NWP Observation Impact all 2 1 1 6 Different satellite data important for different systems Miami, 2/10/11 Σ Sat Winds = -198. 3 ISS Winds Science 9 Mission Science Σ Sat Radiances = -143. 9 Σ Conv = -168. 0

500 h. Pa anomaly correlation coefficients, NH w 4 -9 w 0 -3 Miami, 2/10/11 w 10 -20 10

500 h. Pa anomaly correlation coefficients, SH w 4 -9 w 0 -3 Miami, 2/10/11 w 10 -20 11

WMO OMM 4 th WMO Impact Workshop (Geneva, May 2008) An additional 2 to 6 hours of useful forecast range is the most any individual component of the GOS can contribute in the NH Overall impact (“marginal skill”) on short/medium range global NWP This is very significant in terms of socioeconomic impact and is strongly linked to other measures of skill! Miami, 2/10/11 ISS Winds Science Mission 12

WMO OMM RRR (II) • ET-EGOS consolidates input on Requirements from all sources into output documents – e. g. Vision, Implementation Plan • Routing: – ET-EGOS OPAG-IOS CBS WMO EC • Once adopted by the WMO Executive Council, the material becomes official WMO document Miami, 2/10/11 ISS Winds Science Mission 13

GOS and Numerical Weather Prediction WMO OMM • Numerical weather prediction requires independent and global observations of the mass (temperature) and wind fields • The global three-dimensional mass field is well observed from space • No existing space-based observing system provides vertically resolved wind information => horizontal coverage of wind profiles is sparse • The lack of wind measurements is widely believed to be one of the main limiting factors for progress in NWP skill at all temporal ranges – Especially critical as we progress to smaller and smaller scales where wind/mass balance assumptions break down Miami, 2/10/11 ISS Winds Science Mission 14

WMO OMM Current Upper Air Mass & Wind Data Coverage Vertically resolved Mass Observations Miami, 2/10/11 Vertically resolved Wind Observations ISS Winds Science Mission 15

WMO OMM Elements of the long-term vision for the Global Observing System • Vision for the GOS in 2025 endorsed by WMO Executive Council on 11/06/09 – Provides high-level guidance for global observation planning – Framework for WMO Members to commit on contributing missions • Calls for major enhancement of the space component – Geostationary, polar-orbit and other orbits as appropriate – Transition of several missions from R&D to operational/sustained status (Altimetry, GPS radio-occultation, scatterometry, Miami, 2/10/11 ISS Winds Science Mission 16 chemistry)

Vision for the GOS in 2025 (space component) Summary of missions called for on operational basis Core operational GEO missions WMO OMM § § § All with IR hyperspectral sounding, lightning detection Core operational LEO Imagery and IR-MW sounding § All with hyperspectral IR, on 3 sun-synchronous orbital planes § § § § Ocean surface topography Radio-Occultation Sounding Ocean Surface Wind Global Precipitation Earth Radiation Budget Atmospheric Composition Special imaging for ocean colour, vegetation Dual-angle view IR imagery Observations performed so far on a R&D basis should be planned on an operational or sustained basis Integrating new § Land Surface Imaging missions § Synthetic Aperture Radar §Miami, Space Weather instruments 2/10/11 ISS Winds Science Mission 17

WMO OMM Vision for the space-based GOS in 2025 Operational pathfinders and demonstrators Doppler wind lidar on LEO Winds; aerosol; cloud-top height [and base] Low-frequency MW radiometer on LEO Ocean surface salinity; soil moisture MW imager/sounder on GEO Precipitation; cloud water/ice; atmospheric humidity and temperature High-resolution, multi-spectral narrow-band Vis/NIR and CCD imagers on GEOs Ocean colour, cloud studies and disaster monitoring Vis/IR imagers on satellites in high inclination, Highly Elliptical Orbits HEO) Winds and clouds at high latitudes; sea ice; high latitude volcanic ash plumes; snow cover; vegetation fires Gravimetric sensors Miami, 2/10/11 ISS Winds Science. Water Missionvolume in lakes, rivers, 18

WMO OMM Summary • As of June 2009, space-based wind lidars are part of the official WMO Vision for the Global Observing System 2025 – This means that the National Meteorogical and Hydrological Services of the WMO member states have signed off on this as something that can and should be done! • WMO does not own or implement satellite systems – However, WMO does set standards for taking, processing, disseminating and exchanging observations Miami, 2/10/11 ISS Winds Science Mission 19 – WMO also captures and documents requirements