Womens Roles Amanda Zhao 1 10 13 Period

Women’s Roles Amanda Zhao 1 -10 -13 Period 5

Timeline: Acts By and Affecting Women 1803: Parliament passes the first British abortion law, prohibiting abortion after quickening. 1804: The Napoleonic Code of France considers women—like criminals, children, and the insane—to be legal minors. A woman's husband controls her property and, in the case of divorce, gets the children. 1813: In England, Elizabeth Fry advocates reform of Newgate Prison, in which 300 women and children are housed under appalling conditions. 1821: Colombian women gain the right to attend university. 1834: In Lowell, Massachusetts, women mill workers stage a successful strike to reverse a 25 percent cut in their pay. 1837: Victoria ascends the throne of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

Timeline Continued 1840: Female delegates are refused admittance to the World's Anti-Slavery Convention in London. This event leads Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton to call the first women's rights convention. 1844: The English Factory Act establishes the 12 -hour workday for female factory workers. 1845: Swedish women win equal rights of inheritance. 1848: The Seneca Falls Convention is held and launches the woman suffrage movement in the United States. The document produced is the Declaration of Sentiments, patterned after the Declaration of Independence. 1854: Florence Nightingale begins nursing casualties during the Crimean War and effectively establishes nursing as a profession for women. Her efforts help reduce the death rate from combat injuries from 42 percent to 2. 2 percent. Britannica. "Timeline: Through the Centuries. " Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //www. britannica. com/women/timeline? toc. Id=9404138>.

Attitudes Toward Women (Before) • Before (pre-1800 s): – Agrarian family view makes basis of women’s role “Women…are something like children: the more they show • Women’s duties in domestic home duties their need of support, the more engaging they are. ” (ex. cleaning, cooking), raising children • Major role: giving birth to children - Mrs. John Sandford, The Other Oppressed (breeders) – Women belonged to the home; men in outside, harsh world – Women’s mind tender, supportive, simple, and virtuous

Attitudes Towards Women (Later) • Later (Early to mid-1800 s) – Greater industrialization during the Industrial Revolution -> greater urbanization -> women begin working outside household more in factories/mills • Women working for pay gradually lessens attitudes of social subordination towards women – More wealthy women become centers of cultivated circles, BUT • Still excluded from politics and business • Still responsible for domestic duties (unless hire servants) • Still viewed as delicate, virtuous, idle

Women in the Family • Women play important roles: a wife and a mother • As a wife: – Complement her husband, and be supportive of his interests (ex. comfort for troubles, enforce his principles) – Do domestic duties: serve food, cleaning, washing and mending clothes – make household comfortable for husband – Be pious, humble, submissive, supportive • As a mother: – Proper raising of child: education, care, character (especially in middle class) • Women’s importance in domestics cause difficulties for greater female education: – Opponents believe education detract from practical knowledge needed for housewives • Ex. Motherhood stressed in women’s magazines and other writings: – Parisian Journal des Femmes, Lady’s Home Journal, Godey’s Ladybook, Ladies’ Pocket Book of Etiquette (published in 1840) The

The Underclass • Greatly impoverished women; made up the lowest of the social ladder • Lacked education and acceptable jobs – Depended mostly on relief organizations and charity – Ex. England’s Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (founded 1826) The Society of St. Vincent de Paul (founded 1835) • Some resort to prostitution for income: – Unrespectable profession; dirty lifestyle – Great increase in prostitutes in cities in 19 th century: • London: 9, 000 to 80, 000 registered prostitutes

The Working Class • Low social standing • Professions included: factory workers, domestic service, agricultural laborers (employment necessary for family survival) – Laborious work hours with modest/little income and inheritance • Women factory workers: – Some begin working at ages of 8 -12 – Lifestyle of long work days, poor health, poor sanitation – Excluded from higher paying jobs (ex. mule-spinning reserved for males in textile factories) – Mainly worked in the textile industry (cotton, flax, silk): made up most of the workers • Ex. Textile factories in Manchester and Leeds – Also employed in factories for manufacturing pottery and paper

Britain Factory Workers in 1833: Females as a Percent of the Workforce Industry Ages 12 and under Ages 1320 Ages 21+ All Ages Cotton 51. 8 65. 0 52. 2 58. 0 Wool 38. 6 46. 2 37. 7 40. 9 Flax 54. 8 77. 3 59. 5 67. 4 Silk 74. 3 84. 3 71. 3 78. 1 Lace 38. 7 57. 4 16. 6 36. 5 Potteries 38. 1 46. 9 27. 1 29. 4 Dyehouse 0. 0 Glass 0. 0 Paper - 100. 0 39. 2 53. 6 Whole 52. 8 66. 4 48. 0 56. 8 Click here for more women Sampl Burnette, Joyce. "Women Workers in the British Industrial Revolution. " Economic History Services. EH. Net, 5 Feb. workers statistics! e 2010. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //eh. net/encyclopedia/article/burnette. women. workers. britain>.

The Middle Class • More women work for pay in 19 th century: – Ex. Lower-Middle Class: often operate small shops, are governesses, or are ladies’ companions – Also: writing (ex. Elizabeth Gaskell, Bronte) • Domestic role becomes major part of life – In addition to being wife and mother, assumes virtuous values, piousness, and elegant dress in household – Most important in maintaining calm in household • Charities (ex. Sisters of Mercy, Franciscan Sisters of the Poor) – – Participated greatly in charity and good works Campaigned for sanitation, piousness, temperance Provided soup and bread, supported impoverished Participated in running nurseries, schools, and hostels

The Upper Class • Mainly assumed domestic roles: – Was virtuous, elegant, fashionable, idle – Often had domestic servants to provide housekeeping • Centers of cultivated, social circles • Participated in charities, social works as a reasonable pastime • Marriage important part of upbringing: – Marry for acquisition of property and social alliances

Women and Marriage • Marriage considered important obligation of women – Especially middle class – Singles considered spinsters; pitied and held in contempt • However, single women more legally independent than married: – Ex. In England: could own property, pay taxes, can vote in local parish – Vs. married woman: rights to property and inheritance go to husband • Middle and upper class often marry for social mobility, merging of estates, money – Women play critical role – Lower classes often do not marry with such motives • Marriage laws made divorce for women difficult: – Men just needed to prove wife’s adultery – Women must prove: adultery and other marital issues (ex. incest, rape, abuse) – Only until later reforms increased divorce rate • Ex. Matrimonial Causes Act in England of 1857: established secular divorce courts

The effect of the restrictions on women’s divorce can be seen in this graph. Not until later reforms did the rate of female divorces increased. Office for National Statistics. Rate of Marriages and Divorces in England Wales, 1862 -2008. Digital image. Significance. Blackwell Publishing, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //www. significancemagazine. org/details/webexclusive/1345767/Getting-hitched--marriageand-divorce-in-the-21 st-century. html>.

Women in Romanticism • Romantic movement provided opportunity for women for expression in writing and the arts • Romantics also wanted couples to be led by warm emotions, not rigid rituals formed by Bourgeois • Women included: – Madame de Staël: works on German thinkers, such as Concerning Germany (1810) introduced Romanticism to France – Ann Radcliffe: English author who wrote romantic, gothic works; wrote The Romance of the Forest (1791) – Charlotte Smith: Poet and novelist; wrote compilation of sonnets in Elegiac Poems (1784) – Anne Seymour Damer: English sculptor of the early Romanticism movement

Women in Romanticism Anne Seymour Damer Ann Radcliffe Madame de Staël Charlotte Smith

Women Rulers and Political Figures • Queen Victoria: – Queen of England that ascended throne 1837 – Reign brought glory and power to England; monarch during the Crimean War Queen Victoria • Duchess of Berry: – Son was legitimist’s claim (supported Bourbons) to throne during the July Monarchy (1830 s) in France – 1832: attempted to start an uprising against monarchy • Isabella: – Daughter and planned successor of King Ferdinand VII of Spain Duchess of Berry – Rule opposed by Don Carlos and Carlists – supported autocracy and Spanish Catholicism’s claims – Eventually became Queen Isabella II of Spain in 1843 Queen Isabella II

Women Feminists • 19 th century experienced numerous feminist works “Were I but capable of interpreting to the world one half supporting the emancipation of women: the great thoughts and noble feelings which are buried in her [Harriet Taylor] grave, I should be the medium of a • Harriet Taylor (1807– 1858 ) greater benefit to it, than is ever likely to arise from – Advocate for education and rights for women anything that I can write, unprompted and unassisted by – Influence more often seen in works of friend and second her all but unrivalled wisdom. ” husband, John Stuart Mill —J. S. Mill • Mill had advocated for emancipation of women Harriet Taylor • Influenced work: “The Enfranchisement of Women” (1851) • Anna Wheeler (1785 -1848) – With friend William Thompson, wrote feminist treatise: • Appeal of One Half the Human Race, WOMEN, Against the Pretensions of the Other Half, MEN, to Retain Them in Political, and Thence in Civil and Domestic Slavery; in reply to a paragraph of Mrs. Mill’s Celebrated "Article on Government" (1825) • Catherine Barmby Anna Wheeler – Wrote "Demand for the Emancipation of Woman, Politically and Socially" (1843) – Led way of feminist writings in the 1840 s (more on feminism)

Works Cited Abruzzese, Jaclyn, Allison Brayne, Julie Shastri, and Rachel Sakofsky. "From Wollstonecraft to Mill: British and European Ideas and Social Movements. " Internationalizing Feminism in the 19 th Century. Rutgers University, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //womhist. alexanderstreet. com/awrm/intro. htm>. The American Heritage. Doily. Digital image. The American Heritage Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //americanheritage. yourdictionary. com/doily>. Ann Radcliffe. Digital image. Worlds Without End. Icow. com, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <https: //www. worldswithoutend. com/author. asp? ID=1483>. Anne Louise Jermaine De Stael Holstein. Digital image. The 100 Best of Articles. Seventh Ocean Team, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //the 100. ru/en/womens/anne-louise-jermaine-de-stael-holstein. html>. BBC. "Victoria (1819 - 1901). " BBC, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //www. bbc. co. uk/history/historic_figures/victoria_queen. shtml>. Bloemen, Nobert Van. Peasants Playing Cards. Digital image. Wikimedia Commons, 26 Aug. 2012. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Norbert_van_Bloemen__Peasants_Playing_Cards__WGA 02294. jpg>. Britannica. "Timeline: Through the Centuries. " Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //www. britannica. com/women/timeline? toc. Id=9404138>. Burnette, Joyce. "Women Workers in the British Industrial Revolution. " Economic History Services. EH. Net, 5 Feb. 2010. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //eh. net/encyclopedia/article/burnette. women. workers. britain>. "Charlotte Smith Biography. " Famous Poets and Poems, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //famouspoetsandpoems. com/poets/charlotte_smith/biography>. Charlotte Smith in the 1790 s. Digital image. Ellen and Jim Have a Blog, Two. Wordpress. com, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //ellenandjim. wordpress. com/category/fanny-burney/>. Currier and Ives. The Four Seasons of Life: MIdde Age. Digital image. Passion for the Past. Blogspot. com, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //passionforthepast. blogspot. com/2008/09/meet-ancestors-of-victorian-england. html>. Damer, Anne. Eliza Farren as Thalia. Digital image. Rebeccariverslitblog. Wordpress. com, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //rebeccariverslitblog. wordpress. com/images/works-by-anne-damer/>. Damer, Anne. Mary Berry. Digital image. Rebeccariverslitblog. Wordpress. com, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //rebeccariverslitblog. wordpress. com/images/works-by-anne-damer/>. Family LIfe in the 19 th Century. Digital image. Magnus Hirschfeld Archive for Sexology. Magnus Hirschfield Archive for Sexology, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //www 2. hu-berlin. de/sexology/ATLAS_EN/html/the_traditional_extended_famil. html>. Fortin, Elaine. "Early Nineteenth Century Attitudes Toward Women and Their Roles as Represented By Literature Popular in Worcester, Massachusetts. " Teach US History |. Teach US History, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //www. teachushistory. org/detocqueville-visit-united-states/articles/early-19 th-century-attitudes-toward-womentheir-roles>. Gauci, Maxim. Anna Wheeler. Digital image. National Portrait Gallery, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //www. npg. org. uk/collections/search/portrait/mw 63688/Anna-Wheeler-ne-Doyle>. "Isabella II. " About. com, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //womenshistory. about. com/library/bio/blbio_isabella_ii. htm>. Ladies Pocket Book of Ettiquette 1928 Book. Digital image. Antique Tiles. com. Karen Michelle Antique Tiles, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //www. tias. com/9513/Pict. Page/3923864525. html>.

Marie-Caroline: Duchess of Berry. Digital image. Official Website of Saint Laurent Sur Sevre. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //www. saintlaurentsursevre. fr/web/p 299_famous_visitor. html>. Miller, Dale. "Harriet Taylor Mill. " Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //plato. stanford. edu/entries/harriet-mill/>. Murray, Christopher John. Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760 -1850. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2004. Print. Office for National Statistics. Rate of Marriages and Divorces in England Wales, 1862 -2008. Digital image. Significance. Blackwell Publishing, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //www. significancemagazine. org/details/webexclusive/1345767/Getting-hitched--marriage-and-divorce-in-the 21 st-century. html>. Reynolds, Joshua. Anne Seymour Damer. Digital image. National Portrait Gallery, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //www. npg. org. uk/collections/search/portrait/mw 01704/Anne-Seymour-Damer-ne-Conway>. Reynolds, Shannon. "Gender Equality & Ideas in the Romantic Era. " EHow. com. EHow, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //www. ehow. co. uk/info_8186887_gender-equality-ideas-romantic-era. html>. "The Romantic Era. " The France of Victor Hugo. History 255, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <https: //www. mtholyoke. edu/courses/rschwart/hist 255/jkr/romanticism. html>. Smith, Kelley. "Historical Brief-Lives of Women in the Early 1800 s. " Staff. washington. edu. N. p. , Winter 2002. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //staff. washington. edu/cgiacomi/courses/english 200/historicalbriefs/women. html>. Stevens, Alfred. Departing for the Promenade. Digital image. Colour Thy Soul. Ascender Theme, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //colourthysoul. tumblr. com/post/24284793105/alfred-stevens-departing-for-the-promenade>. Tange, Kaston. "Governess, Companion and Housekeeper Ads. " Victorian Contexts. PB Works, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //victoriancontexts. pbworks. com/w/page/12407398/Governess, %20 Companion%20 and%20 Housekeeper%20 Ad s>. Teatime at Bourgeois Family in London, England 19 th Century Engraving. Digital image. Age Fotostock, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //www. agefotostock. com/en/Stock-Images/Rights-Managed/DAE-86043131>. Marie-Caroline: Duchess of Berry. Digital image. Official Website of Saint Laurent Sur Sevre. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //www. saintlaurentsursevre. fr/web/p 299_famous_visitor. html>. Miller, Dale. "Harriet Taylor Mill. " Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //plato. stanford. edu/entries/harriet-mill/>. Murray, Christopher John. Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760 -1850. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2004. Print. Office for National Statistics. Rate of Marriages and Divorces in England Wales, 1862 -2008. Digital image. Significance. Blackwell Publishing, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //www. significancemagazine. org/details/webexclusive/1345767/Getting-hitched--marriage-and-divorce-in-the 21 st-century. html>. Reynolds, Joshua. Anne Seymour Damer. Digital image. National Portrait Gallery, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //www. npg. org. uk/collections/search/portrait/mw 01704/Anne-Seymour-Damer-ne-Conway>. Reynolds, Shannon. "Gender Equality & Ideas in the Romantic Era. " EHow. com. EHow, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //www. ehow. co. uk/info_8186887_gender-equality-ideas-romantic-era. html>.

"The Romantic Era. " The France of Victor Hugo. History 255, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <https: //www. mtholyoke. edu/courses/rschwart/hist 255/jkr/romanticism. html>. Smith, Kelley. "Historical Brief-Lives of Women in the Early 1800 s. " Staff. washington. edu. N. p. , Winter 2002. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //staff. washington. edu/cgiacomi/courses/english 200/historicalbriefs/women. html>. Stevens, Alfred. Departing for the Promenade. Digital image. Colour Thy Soul. Ascender Theme, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //colourthysoul. tumblr. com/post/24284793105/alfred-stevens-departing-for-the-promenade>. Tange, Kaston. "Governess, Companion and Housekeeper Ads. " Victorian Contexts. PB Works, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //victoriancontexts. pbworks. com/w/page/12407398/Governess, %20 Companion%20 and%20 Housekeeper%20 Ad s>. Teatime at Bourgeois Family in London, England 19 th Century Engraving. Digital image. Age Fotostock, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //www. agefotostock. com/en/Stock-Images/Rights-Managed/DAE-86043131>. "The Views of Love and Marriage in 19 th Century England. " Love and Marriage in 19 th Century England. University of Washington, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //staff. washington. edu/cgiacomi/courses/english 200/finalprojects/websitef/Intro. html>. Wikipedia. Harriet Taylor Mill. Digital image. Wikipedia, 10 Dec. 2012. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Harriet_Taylor_Mill>. Wikipedia. Isabella II of Spain. Digital image. Wikipedia, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain>. Wikipedia. Queen Victoria. Digital image. Wikipedia, 13 Jan. 2013. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Victorian_era>. Women in the Middle Class in the 19 th Century. N. p. : Clark University, n. d. PDF. "Women of the Romantic Period. " Date. Hookup. com. Date. Hookup, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //www. datehookup. com/content-women-of-the-romantic-period. htm>. Women Spinning Thread. Digital image. EH. Net, 5 Feb. 2010. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //eh. net/encyclopedia/article/burnette. women. workers. britain>. Workers in a Textile Factory. Digital image. EH. Net, 5 Feb. 2010. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //eh. net/encyclopedia/article/burnette. women. workers. britain>. Yongxin, Zhang. Close Up of Cloth Pattern. Digital image. 123 RF, n. d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http: //www. 123 rf. com/photo_8462282_close-up-of-cloth-pattern. html>.