World War II The Peace Amanda Zhao 3

World War II: The Peace Amanda Zhao 3 -5 -13 Period 5

End of WWII Timeline • April 1, 1945 - U. S. troops encircle Germans in the Ruhr; Allied offensive in northern Italy. • April 12, 1945 - Allies liberate Buchenwald and Belsen concentration camps; President Roosevelt dies. Harry Truman becomes President. • April 16, 1945 - Soviet troops begin their final attack on Berlin; Americans enter Nuremberg. • April 18, 1945 - German forces in the Ruhr surrender. • April 21, 1945 - Soviets reach Berlin. • April 28, 1945 - Mussolini is captured and hanged by Italian partisans; Allies take Venice. • April 30, 1945 - Adolf Hitler commits suicide. • May 2, 1945 - German troops in Italy surrender. • May 7, 1945 - Unconditional surrender of all German forces to Allies. "The History Place - World War II in Europe Timeline. " The History Place - World War II in Europe Timeline. The History Place, n. d. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. <http: //www. historyplace. com/worldwar 2/timeline/ww 2 time. htm>.

• June 5, 1945 - Allies divide up Germany and Berlin and take over the government. • June 26, 1945 - United Nations Charter is signed in San Francisco. • July 16, 1945 - First U. S. atomic bomb test; Potsdam Conference begins. • July 26, 1945 - Atlee succeeds Churchill as British Prime Minister. • August 6, 1945 - First atomic bomb dropped, on Hiroshima, Japan. • August 8, 1945 - Soviets declares war on Japan and invade Manchuria. • August 9, 1945 - Second atomic bomb dropped, on Nagasaki, Japan. • September 2, 1945 - Japanese sign the surrender agreement; V-J (Victory over Japan) Day. • October 24, 1945 - United Nations is born. • November 20, 1945 - Nuremberg war crimes trials begin.

The Final Months (Europe) • Allies invade Germany (1945) – American and British forces halt at Elbe River (prevent Hitler make stand at Berchtesgaden) – Russian take Berlin • April 30, 1945: Hitler commits suicide • Germans sign unconditional surrender • War in Europe over

The Final Months (Asia) • Conflict in Asia continue for 4 more months – Allied progress in Pacific to Japan slow and bloody • Americans took Guam and Iwo Jima, landed in Philippines • Tactics: – Land on some islands while skipping others, allow formation of bases – From bases Allied planes bomb Japanese fleet and mainland (killed nearly 200, 000 people in Tokyo in one week) • August 6: US President Harry Truman authorize use of atomic bomb • Bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki (August 9) • August 8: Soviet Union declare war on Japan • September 2, 1945: Japan surrenders World War II in the Pacific Major Battles/Campaigns Learn NC. Map of World War II in the Pacific. Digital image. Learn NC, n. d. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. <http: //www. learnnc. org/lp/multimedia/13349>.

Post-War Issues • Euphoria of victory difficulties from war • Struggle with effects of death, destruction, displacement of people (millions) • Economic hardship, social dislocation, political division • Dominance of United States and Soviet Union (Cold War)

Immediate Crises • Devastation from war – Majority of deaths: civilian (ex. Germans killed 12 -20 million people in occupied countries and concentration camps) – 4 million soldiers died – 5/6 X more greater EU casualties than WWI Total European casualties: 45 -55 million • Industrial capability halved • Ports, bridges, rail lines, homes destroyed • Agriculture impacted: (US and Soviet Union provide relief) – Farmland in FR, Italy, Germany cannot be cultivated – FR cattle number halved – 1945 -1946: Famine a threat (ex. Vienna) • Disease (though penicillin helped)

Star. Halo. World War II Deaths. Digital image. Candle. Power. Forums, n. d. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. <http: //www. candlepowerforums. com/vb/showthread. php? 2 63721 -Charts-amp-Graphs>.

Immediate Crises con. • Refugees – 8 million slave laborers (from Germany) and millions from concentration camps sent home – Poles, Czechs, Hungarians, Germans leave • Prisoners of war (both sides) • Placement of refugees contributed to settlement of national boundaries • Most civilians (60 million total) – Majority: women and children – Housed in abandoned factories, warehouses, concentration camps, crude barracks

Potsdam Conference • July 1945: Soviet Union (Stalin), Great BR (Churchill, Clement Attlee), and U. S. (President Harry Truman) meet at Potsdam • Germany: – – – Nazi institutions all to be abolished No German arms production Controlled Germany industry Restore democracy and free speech Divide into 4 zones of occupation Eastern border moved to Oder and Neisse rivers (enlarge Poland) • Japan: – Soviet Union get some territory – European nations regain Asian colonies – Prime beneficiaries: China, U. S.

Other Peace Settlements • 4 principle Allies (BR, FR, U. S. , USSR) draft treaties for other defeated states • Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Finland cede minor territories to neighbors • Austria divided into four occupied zones

War Crime Trials • Drive against Fascism and former Nazis • Nazi occupied countries had summary execution of collaborators and some public prosecutions • Pierre Laval and Marshal Petain publically tried in FR (worked with Nazis in French occupation) • Germany’s high numbers of prosecuted made denazification difficult • Allies organize Nuremberg Trials

Nuremberg Trials • 1945 -1946: international tribunal created by Allies, held in Nuremberg • Prosecute Hitler’s closest associates for crimes against humanity • To inform German people horrors of Nazi rule • 12/22 defendants condemned to death • Important precedent of an international court, trying for genocide, and international law

International Agencies and Institutions • 1943: United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) – Reconstructing postwar Europe – Organize food and medical relief – International loans • 1944: International Monetary Fund an International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) established – Established in conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire – Avoid dangerous inflation – Support stable currencies – Mechanisms for shaping international capitalist economy • Main institution: United Nations

United Nations • Main instrument of peace • Conference in San Francisco approve United Nations charter • Established: – General Assembly (determine policy) – Security Council (decision-making/supervision) • More promising than League of Nations, but superpowers still compete

Allison, Fiona. Division of the World During the Cold War. Digital image. Pro. Quest, n. d. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. <http: //www. csa. com/discoveryguides/russia/review. php>. Europe Divided • Communists (Eastern nations and USSR) vs. Anticommunists (Western ones and U. S. ) • Communist call for social justice • Democracy with post-war idealism • Led to 1947 Cold War between USSR and U. S. (military, political, ideological conflict)

Eastern Europe • USSR annex Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; territories of East Prussia, Poland, Hungary, and Romania • Soviets encourage establishment of single-party, communist dictatorship governments loyal to them – Used coercion, social issues, secret police • Five Year Plan of 1946: ransack occupied areas • 1946: Forced merger of East Germany’s Social Democratic party with Communist party Eastern zone becomes German Democratic Republic (1949) (Divide Germany) • Poland: – Weaken Peasant party in 1947 election and come into power – Attack Catholic Church • Also dominate Czechoslovakia (defeat Benes and Masaryk), Romania, Albania, Bulgaria • Yugoslavia (under Marshal Tito) different: avoid USSR influence

Western Europe • Return to democratic life, social reform – Right to work, social/civil rights, women suffrage – Spain, Portugal remain dictatorships Tensions between Communist and Anticommunist Cold war • West Germany: • U. S. announce Truman Doctrine (against Communist takeover) – Christian and Social Democrats return to Weimar Republic • Ex. Greece, Turkey politics • Aid also Cold War issue: – Industry recover well • U. S. : Marhsall Plan – Western divisions of Germany = Federal Republic of Germany • Russia: Council of Mutual Economic Assistance – Chancellor: Konrad Adenauer • Italy: Escalating tensions and fear of atomic weapons – – Christian Democrats dominant • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (1949) Prime minister: Alcide De Gasperi (1945 -1953) • Soviets form: Warsaw Pact (1955) • France: (Fourth Republic) – President subordinate to legislature, troubled by instability • Britain: – Churchill lose to Clement Attlee (Labour party) in 1945 – Launched large program of nationalization, welfare program

Effects on Empire • Decolonization • Pressures against colonization: Japanese conquest of European colonies, obstacles from war, U. S. and USSR unsupportive • Nationalist movements: Jawaharlal Nehru – India (Jawaharlal Nehru), Senegal (Leopold Senghor), Guinea (Sekou Toure), West Indies (Franz Fanon) • BR and FR withdraw from Middle East: – Lebanon and Syria (1946), Iraq, Iran, Egypt, Sudan • UN endorse creation of Israeli state Franz Fanon

The Global Pattern • Decolonization throughout world – Ex. Mohandas K. Gandhi Indian independence (1947) – Independence campaigns in Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Burma, Malaya, Indonesia – Most African colonies (ex. Ghana, Kenya) won independence by 1960 s (Portuguese Angola caught in civil war backed on different sides by U. S. and USSR) – BR and FR continue influence former colonies through taking advantage of diplomacy, economic interests, common languages, and various institutions • French withdrawal from Vietnamese conflict: – Vietnamese guerilla campaign under Ho Chi Minh • Cold war also had global affects: – Mao Zedong bring communists to power in China (1949) Wars of Decolonization. Digital image. Colonial Warfare 1880 -1975. Dev. Hub, 6 June 2011. Web. 12 – Democratic Japan, U. S. support in Taiwan Mar. 2013. <http: //colonialwarfare 18901975. devhub. com/blog/634572 -wars-of decolonization/>. – U. S. form Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) (like NATO)

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