Teen Pregnancy A teenage girl gets pregnant every

Teen Pregnancy � � � A teenage girl gets pregnant every 30 seconds 1 in 10 female teenagers gets pregnant each year 4 in 10 of all girls become pregnant at least once before they reach the age of 20. The bones and muscles of teenagers are not ready for the physical stresses of pregnancy Pregnant teens must eat well and get adequate medical care in order to stay healthy and increase their chance of delivering a healthy baby

Conception and Implantation � Conception – also called fertilization – the union of a male sperm cell and a female egg cell � Make � � � a zygote As the zygote travels through the fallopian tubes – it divides into a ball of many cells (1… 2… 4… 8…) Implantation – process where the zygote attaches to the uterine wall Names of a developing baby � Zygote – first few weeks � Embryo – 3 rd – 8 th week of pregnancy � Fetus – 8 th week until delivery

Getting Nutrients and Oxygen to the Embryo � � Mother’s and embryo’s blood supply are separate Materials diffuse from one blood supply to the other through the umbilical cord � Nutrients and oxygen pass from mother to embryo � Wastes leave embryo back to mother’s blood � Tobacco, drugs, and alcohol can also pass to an embryo from the mother

Fetal Development � � Time from conception to birth is approximately nine months Divided into 3, three month periods � Trimesters – 3 month period

1 st Trimester (0 -14 weeks) � 0 -2 weeks � � � 3 -8 weeks � � � Zygote may float freely in uterus before implanting Spinal cord grows faster than the rest of the body Brain, ears, and arms begin to form Heart form and begins to beat At 8 weeks, embryo is about 1 inch long Mouth, nostrils, eyelids, hands, fingers, feet and toes begin to form Nervous system begins to respond Cardiovascular system is fully functional 9 -14 weeks � � � Fetus develops a human profile Sex organs, eyelids, fingernails, and toenails develop By 12 weeks, makes crying motions and may suck its thumb

2 nd Trimester (15 -28 weeks) � 15 -20 weeks � Fetus can blink � Body begins to grow Growth of head slows, limbs reach full proportion � Eyebrows and eyelashes develop � Fetus can grasp and kick and becomes active � 21 -28 weeks � Can hear � Regular schedule of waking and sleeping � Weight increases rapidly � About 12 inches long and a little over 1 pound � May survive if born after 24 weeks…but requires special care

3 rd Trimester (29 -40 weeks) � � Uses all 5 senses Begins to pass water from the bladder Fetus gains most of its weight during this trimester Approximately, 266 days after conception, the baby weighs 6 -9 pounds and is ready to be born

Stages of Birth � Labor – the final stage of pregnancy in which the uterus contracts and pushes the baby out of the mother’s body

Stage 1: Dilation � � � Contractions of the uterus cause the cervix to dilate or open In about 95% of pregnancies, the baby’s head is resting on the cervix Contractions break the amniotic sac (“water breaks”)

Stage 2: Passage Through Birth Canal � � � Fully dilated cervix = 10 cm Baby passes through the birth canal and emerges from the mother’s body Cries to clear the lungs of the amniotic fluid

Stage 3: Afterbirth � � � Placenta is still attached to the baby by the umbilical cord Umbilical cord is cut Contractions continue – the placenta (afterbirth) is pushed from the mother’s body

PRENATAL CARE Steps that a pregnant female can take to provide for her own health and the health of her baby

The Health the Fetus � � Physical Activity can be beneficial Substances � Tobacco and Pregnancy 30% of low birth weigh babies 14% of premature births 10% of infant deaths May affect the growth, mental development, and behavior of her child until 11 years of age 2 nd hand smoke is also harmful � Alcohol and Pregnancy Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) – a group of alcohol-related birth defects that includes both physical and mental problems � Medicines and Drugs and Pregnancy Take prescription medicines only under strict doctor’s care Illegal drugs can cause serious birth defects, premature labor, and miscarriage Baby can be addicted to the drug when born

Environmental Hazards � Lead � Miscarriages, low birth weight, mental disabilities, and behavioral problems � Smog � Birth defects, low birth weight, premature birth, stillbirth, and infant death � Greatest risk is during the 2 nd month of pregnancy � Radiation (X-Rays) � Mental � retardation Cat Litter � Toxoplasmosis (from a parasite found in cat feces) can result in miscarriage, premature labor, and health problems in newborn

Complications During Pregnancy � � � Miscarriage – the spontaneous expulsion of a fetus that occurs before the twentieth week of a pregnancy Stillbirth – a dead fetus expelled from the body after the twentieth week of pregnancy Does not necessarily mean that the mother did something wrong

Ectopic Pregnancy � � The zygote implants in the fallopian tube, the abdomen, the ovary, or the cervix Fertilized egg can’t pass to the uterus � Damaged cilia � Scar tissue � Results from STDs � � Can be life-threatening Treatment – removal of the fetus

ADOLESCEN CE Period from childhood to adulthood

Secondary Sex Characteristics Females � � � Males Breasts develop Waistline narrows Hips widen Body fat increases Menstruation starts � � � Facial hair appears Voice deepens Shoulders broaden Muscles develop Hairline begins to recede In Both • Body hair appears • All permanent teeth gown • Perspiration increases

Mental Changes � The cerebrum – thinking part of the brain continues to develop � Increases memory � Increases cognition – the ability to reason and think out abstract solutions You can solve problems in more complex ways

COMMUNICABLE DISEASES A disease that is spread from one living thing to another or through the environment

Causes of Communicable Diseases � Pathogen – an organism that causes disease � Types � of Pathogens Virus Bacteria Fungi Protozoans Rickettsias Infection – a condition that occurs when pathogens enter the body, multiply, and damage body cells

Transmission � Direct Contact � Touching, biting, kissing, and sexual contact, sneezing and coughing, pregnant woman to child � Indirect Contact � Contaminated objects � Vectors – an organism, such as a tick, that carries and transmits pathogens to humans or other animals Flies, mosquitoes, and ticks � Water and Food

Viruses � � � Pieces of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat, smallest of the pathogens Needs a specific living cell to reproduce – invade others (hosts) Virus invades a cell (host cell) and takes control of it to make new viruses – new viruses burst from the cell and infect other cells Viruses usually run their course and are eventually killed by the immune system Cannot be cured with medication!!! Treatment Antibiotics do not work � Over the counter medicines to control symptoms �

Types of Viruses � Common Cold � Inflammation of the mucous membranes that line the nose and throat � Symptoms Runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, sore throat, headache � Treatment � – analgesics – to treat symptoms ” Influenza – “Flu” � Viral infection of the respiratory tract � Symptoms High fever, chills, dry cough, muscle and joint pain, runny nose, sore throat, extreme fatigue � Treatment – antiviral drugs given as soon as illness arises – proper nutrition and plenty of rest and fluids � Can lead to Pneumonia � Vaccines available

Bacteria � � Single-celled microorganisms that live almost everywhere on earth Most are harmless and many are essential for life Enter the body and multiply through cell division Treated with antibiotics!!!

Ricettsias � � Pathogens that resemble bacteria Multiply by invading cells of another life form Enter through bites of insects (fleas, ticks, or lice) Examples � Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (ticks) – flu-like � Malaria (mosquitoes) – flu-like illness � Lymes Disease (ticks) – nervous system � Encephalitis (mosquitoes) – inflammation of the brain

Preventing Communicable Diseases � � Wash hands Handling food properly � Food borne illness � Wash your hands before you handle food, keep surfaces clean, avoid cross contamination, cook food to proper temperatures, chill leftover foods promptly � Other prevention strategies � Eat a balanced diet � Avoid sharing utensils � Avoid unnecessary contact with sick people � Take care of yourself when you are sick � Get vaccinated � Practice abstinence � Manage stress

Physical and Chemical Barriers � � Body’s first line of protection Physical Barriers � Block pathogens from getting into your body � Examples Skin Mucous membranes – line openings in your skin – trap pathogens and carry to areas of your body for disposal Cilia – sweep mucous and pathogens out � Chemical Barriers � Destroy pathogens � Examples Tears and saliva – contain enzymes Gastric juice

Inflammatory Response � � A reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection Blood vessels near the injury expand to allow more blood flow to the area (bring white blood cells) � Causes swelling and pain (pressure) � Phagocyte – a white blood cell that attacks invading pathogens Engulf pathogens and destroy them with chemicals � Pus – a collection of dead white blood cells and damaged tissue

Active Immunity � � Naturally – immunity develops when your body is exposed to antigens from invading pathogens Vaccine – a preparation of dead or weakened pathogens that are introduced into the body to stimulate an immune response � Some vaccines need boosters (reminders)

Passive immunity � � � Receiving antibodies from another person or an animal Short lived – only lasts weeks to a month Natural � Passes from a mother to child during pregnancy or while nursing � Artificial � Injection of antibodies produced by an animal or human who is immune to the disease

Importance of Immunization � Protects both you and others � If you are vaccinated…you can’t spread the disease to others � Up-to-date vaccination Boosters

Vaccines � Live-virus vaccines � � Killed-virus � � � Made from pathogens grown under special laboratory conditions Weakened viruses EX) Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) and chicken pox vaccines Inactivated pathogens EX) flu shots, hepatitis A, rabies Toxoids Inactivated toxins from pathogens – stimulate the production of antibodies � EX) Tetanus � � New and second-generation vaccines � EX) hepatitis B – genetically altered yeast cells

Care of the Immune System � � � � Follow a sensible eating plan Get plenty of rest Physical activity Avoid sharing personal items Avoid tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs Avoid sexual contact Keep immunizations up to date