STUDYING HISTORY DR NEELIMA PANDEY DEPTT of A

STUDYING HISTORY DR. NEELIMA PANDEY DEPTT. of A. I. H. & ARCHAEOLOGY 1

DEFINITION: “HISTORY IS A DISCIPLINE WHICH BELONGS TO HUMANITIES/SOCIAL SCIENCE FOCUSSING ON HUMAN PAST IN REFERENCE TO TIME AND SPACE” 2

CLASSIFICATION: PREHISTORY PROTO-HISTORY 3

CLASSIFICATION MODERN HISTORY ANCIENT MEDIEVAL 4

SOURCES OF STUDY o LITERATURE 1. RELIGIOUS 2. SECULAR 3. FOREIGN VEDAS 5

SOURCES OF STUDY o ARCHAEOLOGICAL (i) (iii) (iv) (vi) INSCRIPTIONS COINS MONUMENTS EXCAVATIONS BURIALS POTTERY 6

INSCRIPTIONS o STUDY OF INSCRIPTIONSEPIGRAPHY o PRIMARY TOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY o EPIGRAPHY SCIENCE DATES BACK TO SIXTEENTH CENTURY A. D. o EARLIEST INDIAN INSCRIPTIONS DATE BACK TO 3 RD CENTURY B. C. o ASHOKAN INSCRIPTIONS 7

INSCRIPTIONS o ENGRAVED ON 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. CLIFFS PILLARS STONE TABLETS CAVES ROCKS TEMPLE WALLS COPPER PLATES 8

INSCRIPTIONS o 55% OF INSCRIPTIONS IN TAMIL o OTHER SCRIPTS 1. BRAHMI 2. KANNADA 3. KHAROSTI o LANGUAGE 1. PRAKRIT 2. PALI 3. SANSKRIT MEHRAULI IRON PILLAR 9

INSCRIPTIONS RUMMINDEI- ASHOKA ELEVEN ROCK EDICTS - ASHOKA 10

GUPTA BRAHMI: ALLAHABAD PILLAR INSCRIPTION BRAHMI SCRIPT PALM LEAVE MANUSCRIPT: ELEVENTH CENTURY 11

COPPER PLATE GRANTS n IMPORTANT SOURCE OF HISTORY n ROYAL GRANTS ENGRAVED ON COPPER PLATES n COPPER WAS USED AS IT DOES NOT DECAY OR RUST EASILY n DIMENSION OF PLATES: 9. 75” X 3. 25” X 0. 10” n EARLIEST KNOWN COPPER PLATE: SOHGAURA 12

SOHGAURA PLATE o MAURYAN RECORD MENTIONING FAMINE RELIEF EFFORT o ONE OF THE FEW PREASHOKAN BRAHMI INSCRIPTIONS 13

OTHER IMPORTANT INSCRIPTIONS 1. 2. BOGAJKOI INSCRIPTION, ASIA MINOR, 1400 BC HATHIGUMPHA INSC. , KHARWELA, 2 ND CENTURY BC 3. BESA NAGAR GARUN DHWAJ, HELIODORUS, 4. JOONAGARH ROCK INSC. , RUDRADAMAN, 150 CE 5. NASIK CAVE INSC. 6. RABATAK INSCRIPTION 7. ALLAHABAD PILLAR INSCRIPTION 8. AIHOLE INSCRIPTION, PULKESHIN II, 634 CE 9. BHITRI INSCRIPTION, SKANDAGUPTA, 10. HALMIDI VILLAGE INSCRIPTION, 450 CE 14

BOGAJKOI o DATE-1400 B. C. o ASIA MINOR, PRESENT DAY ANATOLIA o IT IS GEOGRAPHIC REGION OF WESTERN ASIA COMPRISING MOST OF REPUBLIC OF TURKEY o INSCRIPTION MENTIONS INDRA VARUNA MITRA NASATYA ARYAN GODS o SCRIPT-CUNIFORM 15

HATHIGUMPHA o ISSUED BY KALINGA KING o DATE DISPUTED o 2 nd. Cent. B. C-1 st Cent A. D. o SCRIPTKHAROSTHI o RELIGIOUS LEANING-JAINIS o KALINGA WAR 16

HATHIGUMPHA 17

JUNAGARH RUDRADAMAN 150 A. D. POETIC SANSKRIT BRAHMI SCRIPT HISTORY OF WATER RESERVOIR SUDARSHAN o INSC. OF ASHOKA & SKANDAGUPTA o o o JUNAGARH ROCK INSCRIPTION 18

HALMIDI VILLAGE INSCRIPTION o OLDEST KANNADA INSCRIPTION o 450 A. D. o CARVED ON SAND STONE PILLAR o CONSISTS OF 16 LINES o NAMED AFTER HALMIDI VILLAGE HASSAN TALUK, KARNATAKA KANNADA INSCRIPTION 19

GUPTA BRAHMI o STUDY OF ANCIENT SCRIPTS o SOURCES: INSCRIPTIONS MANUSCRIPTS o STUDY OF EVOLUTION OF SCRIPTS ASSIST IN DATING & ASCERTINING CHRONOLOGY MAURYAN BRAHMI PALAEOGRAPHY 20

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