Sovereignty I n The principle of state sovereignty

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Sovereignty I n The principle of state sovereignty ä ä n Sovereignty and jurisdiction

Sovereignty I n The principle of state sovereignty ä ä n Sovereignty and jurisdiction ä ä ä n Sovereignty as a ”position” and jurisdiction as a ”function”, but no clear distinction! Rights to excercise jurisdiction Duties to excercise jurisdiction Sovereignty and territory ä ä n UN Charter art. 2. 1 – sovereignty and equality Jus cogens? Territorial jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction – immunity Extraterritorial jurisdiction – non-intervention Sovereignty and ownership ä ä Differences and similarities ”Sovereign rights” Ole Kr. Fauchald 9/17/2020 1

Sovereignty II n State immunity ä ä n The 2004 ILC Convention on State

Sovereignty II n State immunity ä ä n The 2004 ILC Convention on State Immunity (not in treaty collections), UNCLOS art. 29 -32, 95 -96 and 102 Immunity from what? Which acts are subject to immunity? Which persons are subject to immunity? Is international cooperation undermining or reinforcing sovereignty? ä ä ä Limits on the exercise of sovereignty in treaties? Transfer of power to international institutions? Why would or should states accept limitations on sovereignty and transfer of power? Ole Kr. Fauchald 9/17/2020 2

Conflicts of sovereignty n n Jurisdictional overlaps – burden of proof Activities in one

Conflicts of sovereignty n n Jurisdictional overlaps – burden of proof Activities in one country creating problems in another country ä ä n Trail Smelter Arbitration – acid rain in Norway Customary law principle – Rio Declaration princ. 2 and CBD art. 3 The obligation to cooperate – ILC Draft articles on prevention (2001) Who has jurisdiction? Subjective or objective territorial jurisdiction? Long term interest in the development in other countries ä ä The emphasis on prevention rather than reparation The case of rain forests Ole Kr. Fauchald 9/17/2020 3

Beyond the sovereignty of states n Areas beyond the sovereignty of states ä ä

Beyond the sovereignty of states n Areas beyond the sovereignty of states ä ä ä n The deep seabed, the open sea, air space outside the territorial sea, space and celestial bodies General principles of law, customary law or treaty based cooperation? ”Common property”? High seas, space ”Common heritage of mankind”? Resources of the deep seabed and celestial bodies The Antarctic treaty system Other forms of ”common interest” resources ä ä Genetic resources – biodiversity The climate The ozone layer Environmental quality – air and water Ole Kr. Fauchald 9/17/2020 4

International and domestic trends n The occupation of open access resources ä n Increasing

International and domestic trends n The occupation of open access resources ä n Increasing cooperation with regard to open access and shared resources – protection and management ä ä n The problem of open access resources – global The controversy of shared resources – bilateral to regional Common interests in resources under national sovereignty ä ä ä n Extension of sovereignty at sea and on the seabed Scarcity of natural resources – the issue of access Cultural and ideal interests – World Heritage Convention Potential future exploitation – CBD art. 15. 1 Emerging integrated approaches to resources ä From regulation based on specific use(s) to regulation based on sustainable development Ole Kr. Fauchald 9/17/2020 5

UNCLOS and marine treaties n Establishment of 200 n. m. EEZ + extending continental

UNCLOS and marine treaties n Establishment of 200 n. m. EEZ + extending continental shelves ä ä ä n Link to International Maritime Organization, e. g. art. 21. 2 ä ä n Harmonization of standards Strengthening of standards? Link to fisheries treaties (art. 116 -120) ä n Obligation and incentive to protect the environment Coast state vs. flag state jurisdiction Is it working in practice? The 1995 Agreement on migratory species + regional regimes Link to environmental treaties, including UNEP’s regional seas program (art. 192 -237) Ole Kr. Fauchald 9/17/2020 6