Smoking M A ZOHAL PULMONOLOGIST Cigarette smoking was

Smoking M. A. ZOHAL PULMONOLOGIST

Cigarette smoking was estimated to be responsible for nearly 5 million premature deaths worldwide in 2000.

The most important causes of smokingrelated mortality include atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease lung cancer chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Smoking cessation has been associated with remission of pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis and improvement in asthma and respiratory bronchiolitis. Cigarette smoking increases the risk of several types of infection (invasive pneumococcal disease) smoking appears to increase the risk of developing (and dying from) pulmonary tuberculosis

Withdrawal from cigarettes causes: anxiety irritability difficulty concentrating anger fatigue drowsiness depression sleep disruption,

Longer term risks of smoking cessation include weight gain and an increased risk of depression

Smoking cessation may be problematic for patients with schizophrenia. Caution should be used in patients with depression who are felt to be at risk for suicide, and in patients with ulcerative colitis

Almost everyone who smokes as an adult started smoking by the age of 18 the earlier age a person begins, the more likely he or she is to continue

Risk factors for becoming a smoker: exposure to second hand smoke, presence of a smoker in the household, comorbid psychiatric disorders, strained relationship with parent /single parent at home low level of expressed self-esteem and self-worth poor academic performance, increased adolescent perception of parental approval of smoking, affiliation with smoking peers, and availability of cigarettes.

An additional risk factor for boys is high levels of aggression and rebelliousness; among girls preoccupation with weight and body image Twin studies have shown a significant genetic link to both smoking initiation and dependence