Selfknowledge and epistemic internalism Two internalist requirements of

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Self-knowledge and epistemic internalism � Two internalist requirements of epistemic justification � 1. one

Self-knowledge and epistemic internalism � Two internalist requirements of epistemic justification � 1. one has accessible reasons for one’s belief (外在論反對這點 ) � 2. knowledge must be supported by reasons that are within the thinker’s mind. � Ex: 1. 外面正在下雨這個事實(accessible to me)就構成理由。 2. 我自己內心關於下雨的視覺經驗(within my mind)才構成理由。 2

Self-knowledge and epistemic internalism � Descartes 認為知識必須滿足上 述兩種內在論的要求。 � 因此,擁有外在世界的知識必須 要先有自我知識。 � P. 32

Self-knowledge and epistemic internalism � Descartes 認為知識必須滿足上 述兩種內在論的要求。 � 因此,擁有外在世界的知識必須 要先有自我知識。 � P. 32 If the two internalist requirements apply to some knowledge of external objects or facts, …, of the external world. � What do you think? 本著作轉載自Brie Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. London ; New York : Routledge,頁32,依據著作權法第 46、52、65條合理使用。 Flickr,作者:x. Jason. Rogersx。 3

Self-knowledge and epistemic foundationalism � Descartes: self-knowledge provides a foundation for the general body

Self-knowledge and epistemic foundationalism � Descartes: self-knowledge provides a foundation for the general body of knowledge. � 基礎信念(Foundational or basic beliefs): a privileged class of especially secure beliefs, certain, indubitable. Ex: 既使在錯覺中紅色衣看成是綠色的,經驗本身不會錯, 是關於經驗內容的信念。 � (i) 其他信念的證成依賴基礎信念 � (ii)基礎信念不需依賴其他信念 4

Self-knowledge and epistemic foundationalism � The evil genius argument � 全能的惡魔盡其可能地欺騙我,讓我產生各種假信念。 � 就算我的信念都是錯誤的,我存在(I exist)是不能被懷疑

Self-knowledge and epistemic foundationalism � The evil genius argument � 全能的惡魔盡其可能地欺騙我,讓我產生各種假信念。 � 就算我的信念都是錯誤的,我存在(I exist)是不能被懷疑 的。思維本身就證明我存在。 � Descartes: “I must finally conclude that this proposition I am, I exist, is necessarily true whenever it is put forward by me or conceived in my mind. ” � One cannot be deceived without existing. � I exist和其他的心智內容(例如:pain)兩者的差別。 5

Self-knowledge and epistemic foundationalism � 知識證成的基本來源:introspective awareness � P. 35 introspective awareness, …, is

Self-knowledge and epistemic foundationalism � 知識證成的基本來源:introspective awareness � P. 35 introspective awareness, …, is a basic source of epistemic 本著作轉載自Brie Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. London ; justification. New York : Routledge,頁35,依據著作權法第 46、52、65條合理使用。 Two consequences 1. Weak conception of ‘self’: 不需要有大腦,只要能有心智狀態或 思想就可以了。 2. 一旦心智活動停止,I (心智)就不存在。Disposition belief(相信 12+12=24)不算是信念,而要是currently introspecting。 � What do you think? l 6

Knowledge of the self and mind-body dualism � Descartes’ Meditation Mind as mental substance:

Knowledge of the self and mind-body dualism � Descartes’ Meditation Mind as mental substance: “I have a clear and distinct idea of myself, in as far as I am simply a thinking, non-extended thing”—that is, I can conceive of myself (my mind) existing in the absence of a body. ” “I am really distinct from my body, and can exist without it. ” � Body as physical substance: “I have a distinct idea of body, in so far as this is simply an extended, non-thinking thing” 我可以設想,任何物理事物,包 括我的身體,的存在,不需依賴心靈的存在而存在。 � � What do you think? 7

Knowledge of the self and mind-body dualism � Objection 1. 可設想的不一定就是可能的。 2. one can

Knowledge of the self and mind-body dualism � Objection 1. 可設想的不一定就是可能的。 2. one can be mistaken in thinking that one is clearly and distinctly conceiving some scenario. � Descartes’ response: P. 38 when carefully attending to our own thoughts, …, its essential features. � Objection Flickr,作者:alles-schlumpf。 本著作轉載自Brie Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. London ; New York : Routledge,頁38,依據著作權法第 46、52、65條合理使用。 Certainty about our own states 不蘊含infallible or omniscient 。 � Q: 如果仔細反省自己的心智狀態,就沒有錯誤的可能? 8

Locke: the inner sense theory � 經驗主義:所有的知識都需要有input,都從經驗而來。沒有 innate idea。 外感官與內感官 � Self-knowledge is achieved

Locke: the inner sense theory � 經驗主義:所有的知識都需要有input,都從經驗而來。沒有 innate idea。 外感官與內感官 � Self-knowledge is achieved through an introspective faculty he called “inner sense. ” � P. 39 Introspection is somewhat similar to perception, …, inner sense is Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. directed towards one’s own mind. 本著作轉載自Brie London ; New York : Routledge,頁39,依據著作權 法第 46、52、65條合理使用。 � 所有的心智狀態都是conscious � 9

Locke: Inner sense and knowledge � 只有訴諸經驗。 Sense(inner and outer) v. s. intellect加 連結,idea的來

Locke: Inner sense and knowledge � 只有訴諸經驗。 Sense(inner and outer) v. s. intellect加 連結,idea的來 源來自經驗。 � 心靈如白板 P. 40 tobula rasa or clean slate until it is furnished with ideas, …, processed by the intellect. Flickr,作者:Wurz。 本著作轉載自Brie Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. London ; New York : Routledge,頁40,依據著作權法第 46、52、65條合理使用。 10

Locke: Inner sense and consciousness � Locke: we are always aware of our thoughts.

Locke: Inner sense and consciousness � Locke: we are always aware of our thoughts. 但不一定時時都保持注意力。 � P. 41 We may be aware of our thoughts even when we are not attending to, …, insofar as they affect our experience. The idea of thought without awareness as unintelligible. � 是不是所有心智內容都是察覺得到的? Ex: Automatic pilot 。有沒有看見紅燈,有沒有擁有看見紅燈的心智狀態。 � Thought 一定是conscious thought。既使內容有可能不清楚或弄錯,但一定 知道正在看聽聞。沒有unconscious mental state。 � What do you think? 以上著作轉載自Brie Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. London ; New York : Routledge,頁41,依據著作權法第 46、52、65條合理使用。 11

版權聲明 頁碼 作品 授權條件 作者/來源 1 -13 本作品轉載自Microsoft Office 2007多媒體藝廊,依據Microsoft服務合約及著作權法第 46、52、 65條合理使用。 3 Flickr,作者:x.

版權聲明 頁碼 作品 授權條件 作者/來源 1 -13 本作品轉載自Microsoft Office 2007多媒體藝廊,依據Microsoft服務合約及著作權法第 46、52、 65條合理使用。 3 Flickr,作者:x. Jason. Rogersx。 本作品轉載自http: //www. flickr. com/photos/restlessglobetrotter/3054327496/sizes/m/in/photostream/ , 瀏覽日期 2012/3/30。本作品採取創用CC「姓名標示」2. 0版授權釋出。 3 If the two internalist……ex ternal world. 本著作轉載自Brie Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. London ; New York : Routledge ,頁32,依據 著作權法第 46、52、65條合理使用。 6 introspective awareness……ju stification. 本著作轉載自Brie Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. London ; New York : Routledge ,頁35,依據 著作權法第 46、52、65條合理使用。 Flickr,作者:alles-schlumpf。 本作品轉載自http: //www. flickr. com/photos/29487767@N 02/2845044715/sizes/m/in/photostream/ , 瀏覽日期 2012/3/30。本作品採取創用CC「姓名標示-非商業性-相同方式分享」2. 0 版授權釋 出。 8 8 when carefully……ess ential features. 本著作轉載自Brie Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. London ; New York : Routledge ,頁38,依據 著作權法第 46、52、65條合理使用。 12

版權聲明 頁碼 作品 9 Introspection is somewhat……o ne’s own mind. 授權條件 作者/來源 本著作轉載自Brie Gertler

版權聲明 頁碼 作品 9 Introspection is somewhat……o ne’s own mind. 授權條件 作者/來源 本著作轉載自Brie Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. London ; New York : Routledge ,頁39,依據 著作權法第 46、52、65條合理使用。 Flickr,作者:Wurz。 本作品轉載自http: //www. flickr. com/photos/wurz/393222608/sizes/m/in/photostream/ ,瀏覽日期 2012/3/30。本作品採取創用CC「姓名標示-非商業性」2. 0版授權釋出。 10 10 Introspection is somewhat……o ne’s own mind. 本著作轉載自Brie Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. London ; New York : Routledge ,頁40,依據 著作權法第 46、52、65條合理使用。 11 We may be aware of our thoughts……as unintelligible. 本著作轉載自Brie Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. London ; New York : Routledge ,頁41,依據 著作權法第 46、52、65條合理使用。 13