RESEARCH PROCESS RESEARCH PROCESS OR STEPS Research requires

RESEARCH PROCESS

RESEARCH PROCESS OR STEPS � Research requires proper planning � The various steps that are necessary to carry out a research effectively are known as research process.

� Research 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. process consists of Formulating research problem Extensive literature survey Writing a primary synopsis Identifying and labeling variables Developing the hypothesis Preparing the research design Determining sampling design

8. Collecting the data 9. Execution of the project 10. Processing and analysis of data 11. Testing of hypothesis 12. Preparation of the report

1. IDENTIFYING, EVALUATING AND FORMULATING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM � Choosing a correct problem for study is the most important step. � A research problem can be identified successfully on the basis of : (1) the researcher’s familiarity and experience in the field of study (2) Guidance from colleagues (3) Availability of data and other information relating to the particular field of study.

2. EXTENSIVE LITERATURE SURVEY � Before formulating the research problem it is desirable that researcher examines all available literature. � It enable the researcher to know about the data and materials available for operational purposes

3. WRITING A PRIMARY SYNOPSIS � After formulating the problem, a brief summary of it should be written down � At this stage the research worker has to undertake extensive literature survey connected with the problem � Academic journals, conferences, proceedings , govt. reports, books etc. must be considered for reference.

4. IDENTIFYING AND LABELING VARIABLES � In any research the problem under study deals with relation between variables. � Change in one variable has the effect on another variable. � There are two types of variables : - (1) dependent variable (2) Independent variable

5. SETTING UP OF HYPOTHESIS �A researcher should state the hypothesis which is to be laid down in the research work. � It is tentative statement � The research work is conducted to test the truth of this hypothesis � A hypothesis provides the focal point for research

6. PREPARING THE RESEARCH DESIGN � It is a plan that specifies the sources and types of information relevant to the research problem � It includes the time and cost budgets � It provides a rational approach to research enabling one to decide in advance what to do, how to do , when to do, in investigating the subject. � It consists, (a) clear statement of research problem (b)procedure and techniques to be used for gathering information (c) population to be studied (d)methods to be used in processing and analyzing the data

7. DETERMINING THE SAMPLE DESIGN � It refers to the technique or the procedure which the researcher would adopt in selecting some sampling units from the universe.

8. COLLECTION OF DATA � It implies accounting and systematic recording of the information gathered in a statistical investigation � Statistical data on the basis of the source from which they are collected can be of two types namely primary and secondary � 1. Primary Data – data collected by the investigator himself � 2. Secondary Data - Data already collected by someone else for his purpose, is utilized by the investigator

9. EXECUTION OF THE PROJECT � The researcher has to see that the project is executed in a systematic manner and time. � He should make necessary preparations for successful conduct of the project. � It consists, preparation of the questionnaires, selection and training of the interviewers etc.

10. PROCESSING, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA BY STATISTICAL METHODS � The processing of data consists of classification, tabulation etc. � By classification and tabulation the entire data can be condensed into few manageable and purposeful groups and tables.

11. TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS � Hypothesis is a tentative statement � Testing the hypothesis will result in either accepting or rejecting the hypothesis. � Once the hypothesis is accepted, the proposition is concluded to be valid. � The testing of hypothesis is meant for providing the validity of the hypothesis.

12. PREPARATION OF THE REPORT OR THESIS � The researcher has to finally prepare the report of the work and its outcome. � It is a detailed description of what has been done and how it has been done. � It contains preliminary section, main body and end matter.