EXHIBIT 4 5 Stages of the Research Process

EXHIBIT 4. 5 Stages of the Research Process © 2010 South-Western/Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publically accessible website, in whole or in part.

EXHIBIT 4. 6 Flowchart of the Business Research Process

Flowchart of the Research Process Problem discovery 1. Problem Discovery and Definition Selection of exploratory research technique Secondary (historical) data Pilot study Experience survey Case study Problem definition (statement of research objectives) (Zikmund)

Flowchart of the Research Process 2. Planning the Research Design Survey Interview Questionnaire Selection of basic research method Experiment Laboratory Secondary data study Observation Field (Zikmund)

Flowchart of the Research Process 3. Sampling Selection of sample design Probability sampling 4. Data Gathering Non-probability sampling Collection of data (field work) Editing and coding data 5. Data Processing and Analysis 6. Drawing Conclusions and Preparing Report Data processing and analysis Interpretation of findings Report (Zikmund)

(Research Design): ระบแหลงขอมล Primary Data Secondary Data • Qualitative - Focus group - Depth interview - Projective Technique • Internal - Ready to use - To be processed • Quantitative - Survey - Observation - Experiment • External - Published - Syndicated - Databases

Qualitative Research v. s. Quantitative Research Qualitative Research Purpose Quantitative Research To explore To understand Questions Not standardized Standardized Instrument Camera or recorder Questionnaire or form Sample size Very small Large Analysis Subjective Objective Result Tentative Conclusive

Sampling Technique Probability Sampling Non-Probability Sampling • Simple Random Sampling • Convenience Sampling • Systematic Sampling • Judgment Sampling • Stratified Sampling • Purposive Sampling • Cluster (Area) Sampling • Quota Sampling • Snowball Sampling