Psycho social Stages of Development 8 stages Erikson

• Psycho social Stages of Development 8 stages: Erikson • Stage 1: (trust versus mistrust- Birth to about 18 Months): • The baby must learn to develop basic trust, failure lead to social withdrawal & depression. 1

• Stage 2: (Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt-18 Months to 3 Years): • Development of speech , sphincter and muscular control, if failed regression may results • Stage 3: (Initiative versus Guilt( 3 - 5 Years) : • Development of a superego locomotor and language skills expands, failure leads to guilt and anxiety 2

• Stage 4: (Industry versus Inferiority ( 5 -13 Years): - The child discovers the pleasures of production, if failed may develop a sense of inferiority and inadequacy. • Stage 5: (Identity versus Role Confusion(13 -21 Years): • The ability to leave home and live independently, Failure lead to inability to separate from the parent. 3

• Stage 6: Intimacy versus Isolation ( 21 - 40 Years): - Ability to make and commitments to affiliations and partnerships, failure lead to become deeply isolated • Stage 7: Generatively versus Stagnation (40 - Years): - Capacity to form intimate relationships with groups, organizations and society, failure lead to personal stagnation. 4

• Stage 8: Integrity versus Despair (about 60 Years to Death): - Acceptance of one's life and significant changes , or may have fear of death, despair and hopelessness. 5

The Dynamics of Motivations • Motivation: is an internal state that activates, guides behavior and directs it toward a goal. • focus on behavior (e. g. the thirsty person to drink, the person in pain to escape from the painful stimulus). 6

Factors affecting motivation: • 1 - Instinct: "an innate biological force that predisposes the person to act in a certain predictable way when stimulus is present ". - our thoughts and behavior are the result of instincts. -Some instincts include (curiosity – reproduction –construction). 7

2 - Needs and Drives: *need: represents physiological state of tissue as a result of lack of food, water, oxygen or avoidance of pain. *drive: “motivates the person to initiate behavior or action”. ** Drive refers to the psychological consequences of a need. 8

3 - Learning: - human motivations are learned. - People with high urge to achieve realistic and challenging goals, and persist longer and do better on difficult tasks. 9

Types of motivators: I. Hunger: - Powerful motivator, influence the feeling of hunger. - If you are accustomed to eat at certain times of a day, you will feel hungry at that times. II. Thirst : - Water deficit motivates the person to drink. 10

• III. Sex: - essential to the survival of species. • IV. Avoidance of pain: -The need to avoid tissue damage (fire) is essential to the survival of any organism. 11

Human Motivations and needs: - Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs: I. Self actualization II. Self esteem III. Belonging & love IV. Safety & security needs V. Physiological needs 12

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs 13

* The needs at one level must be at least partially satisfied before the next level become important determiners of action • When food and safety are difficult to obtain, satisfaction of these needs will dominate person’s action & higher motives have little significance • approximately 1% of people self-actualized. emotion 14