Period 4 1800 1848 Chapter 12 Living in

Period 4 (1800 -1848) Chapter 12: Living in a Nation of Changing Lands, Changing Faces, Changing Expectations

The Second Great Awakening “Spiritual Reform From Within” [Religious Revivalism] Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality Temperance Education Abolitionism Asylum & Penal Reform Women’s Rights

The Changing Face of the American People • Immigration, expanding borders increased population • 1840: Europeans (mostly English), Africans, American Indians • 1850: more ethnically diverse; b/c of famines, gold rush, growing U. S. industrialization w/new economic opportunities • Chinese: Opium Wars, too many people CA, HI ▫ Mostly men, initially welcomed but eventual resistance from white miners ▫ Railroads after CW

Immigrant Groups in the 1840 s, 1850 s • Irish: Great Famine rapid; overwhelming Catholic, poor ▫ Domestic help (women) factories (both) built cities (men) • Germans: slightly more financial resources, settled farms/cities in Midwest ▫ Communities often kept to themselves • Mexican: now Americans because border changes ▫ Lack of land rights, outnumbered • Rapid growth of new immigrants leads to xenophobia ▫ Know Nothing Party: anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic 1850 s: 8 governors, 100+ members of Congress

Slavery in the U. S. , 1840 s and 1850 s • After War of 1812: Cotton changes nature of slavery ▫ More valuable better treatment, “positive good” ▫ Limits: separation of slave marriages, mistreatment of women • North: abolitionists voices grew (morally wrong, competition for jobs) • Resisting slavery: overt (laziness, fake illness, etc. ) ▫ Runaway slaves and the Underground Railroad ▫ Slave rebellions: Nat Turner, 1831 ▫ Result: illegal to teach slave to read/write, limiting slave gatherings

White Abolitionists • William Lloyd Garrison: ▫ 1831: The Liberator ▫ 1833: American Anti-Slavery Society ▫ Would launch national career of Fredrick Douglass • Campaign for abolitionism: ▫ Goal: evangelize the nation for abolitionism antislavery revivals ▫ Modeled after…. ?

New Strength for American Women • Strong link b/t women’s rights & abolitionist movements ▫ Sarah & Angelina Grimke: began writings after criticized for public lectures on antislavery causes • Seneca Falls Convention: July 1848 ▫ Organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott ▫ Generated far more attention than expected—mostly negative ▫ Caught attention of future leaders, Susan B. Anthony ▫ Signed Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions