PATHOLOGY PATHOS SUFFERING LOGOS STUDY SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF

PATHOLOGY PATHOS = SUFFERING LOGOS = STUDY SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF THE BODY

PATHOLOGY IT IS THE VITAL BRIDGE BETWEEN PRECLINICAL SCIENCES & CLINICAL SCIENCES DISEASE ? = IS A STATE OF DISCOMFORT TO THE BODY

TERMINOLOGY IN PATHOLOGY • PATIENT – IS A PERSON AFFECTED BY THE DISEASE • LESIONS – CHANGES IN TISSUES & CELLS PRODUCED BY THE DISEASE • MORPHOLOGY - EXMINATION OF DISEASED TISSUES - GROSS –NAKED EYE & MICROSCOPIC FINDING • ETIOLOGY- CASUAL FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE LESIONS. • PATHOGENESIS – MECHANISMS BY WHICH THE LESIONS ARE PRODUCED. (HOW)

CLINICAL FEATURES • SYMPTOMS –FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE LESIONS FELT BY THE PATIENT. • SIGNS – FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE LESIONS DISCOVERED BY THE DOCTOR

CLINICAL FEATURES DIANOSIS – CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF MORPHOLOGIC & FUNCTIONAL CHANGES WITH RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS HELP TO ARRIVE AT AN ANSWER – WHAT IS WRONG?

PROGNOSIS & TREATMENT • PROGNOSIS – WHAT IS GOING TO HAPPEN ? • TREATMENT – WHAT CAN BE DONE? • PREVENTION - WHAT SHOULD BE DONE TO AVOID THE DISEASE, IT’S COMPLICATIONS & SPREAD ?

EVOLUSION OF PATHOLOGY • THE CONCEPT OF DISEASE IS AS OLD AS LIFE. EARLIER CONCEPTS OF DISEASE WERE THE RELIGIOUS BELIEFS , THAT DISEASE WAS THE OUTCOME OF CURSE OR EVIL SPIRIT. • PHILOSOPHICAL & RATIONAL APPROACH TO THE DISEASE WAS DEVELOPED BY THE METHODS OF OBSERVATIONS.

HIPPOCRATES(460 -377 BC) – FATHER OF MEDICINE • STRESSED THE STUDY OF PATIENT’S SYMPTOMS & DESCRIBED METHODS OF DIAGNOSIS

HIPPOCRATES(460 -377 BC) – FATHER OF MEDICINE • ACCORDING TO HIM – DISTURBANCES IN EQUILIBRIUM OF THE BODY RESULTS IN ILLNESS • HE INTRODUCED ETHICAL(MORALISTIC ATTITUDE) CONCEPTS IN THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE & IS REVERED BY THE MEDICAL PROFESSION BY TAKING HIPPOCRATIC OATH AT THE TIME OF ENTRY INTO THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE.

CORNELIUS CELSUS (53 BC – 7 AD) • ROMAN PHYSICIAN – DESCRIBED • 4 CARDINAL SIGNS OF – • INFLAMMATION • TUMOUR, RUBOR, CALOR, DOLOR

CHARAKA SAMHITA • • • ANCIENT INDIAN MEDICINE BOOK , A FINEST DOCUMENT OF THE RATIONAL AGE BY CHARAKA , MENTIONED THE HYPOTHESIS OF DISEQUILIBRIUM OF ELEMENTS CONSTITUTING THE BODY SIMILAR TO HIPPOCRATIC DOCTRINE

SUSHRUTA • SUSHRUTA SAMHITA – A BOOK ON SURGICAL SCIENCES BY SUSHRUTA

VESALIUS & HIS PUPILS • STARTED DISSECTION OF HUMAN BODY – (1514 -1564) • CREDIT FOR STUDY OF MORBID ANATOMY(PATHOLOGIC ANATOMY) GOES TO ITALIAN ANATOMIST & PATHOLOGIST GIOVANNI B. MORGAGNI (1682 -1771). HE PUBLISHED HIS LIFE TIME EXPERIENCES BASED ON 700 POSTMORTEMS & CLINICAL FINDINGS

SIR PERCIVAL POTT(1714 -1788) • IDENTIFIED FIRST EVER OCCUPATIONAL CANCER IN THE CHIMNEY SWEEPS(SOOT) IN 1775 • JOHN HUNTER(1728 -1793) WITH HIS BROTHER WILLIUM HUNTER STARTED THE FIRST EVER MUSEUM– HUNTARIAN MUSEUM IN ENGLAND.

OTHER NAMES IN MORBID ANATOMY(GROSS PATHOLOGY) • CARL F van ROKITANSKY(1804 -1878, 30, 000 AUTOPSIES) WROTE BOOK ON PATHOLOGIC ANATOMY, DESCRIBED YELLOW ATROPHY OF LIVER, DISEASES OF ARTERIES, CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS

OTHER NAMES IN MORBID ANATOMY(GROSS PATHOLOGY) • RUDOLF VIRCHOW(1821 -1905)FATHER OF CELLULAR PATHOLOGY OR FATHER OF MODERN PATHOLOGY - INTRODUCED HISTOPATHOLOGY VIRCHOW’S TRIAD AS ETIOLOGY IN THROMBOSIS, VIRCHOW’S LYMPH NODE

DEVELOPMENT OF CELLULAR PATHOLOGY • Von LEEUWENHOEK(1632 -1723) INVENTED FIRST EVER MICROSCOPE), • MARCELLO MALPIGHI(1624 -1694) THE FATHER OF HISTOLOGY MALPIGHIAN LAYER OF SKIN , MALPIGHIAN CORPUSCELS OF SPLEEN

DEVELOPMENT OF CELLULAR PATHOLOGY • D. L. ROMANOWSKY(1861 -1921 DEVELOPED STAIN FOR PERIPHERAL SMEAR USING EOSIN & METHYLENE BLUE • SIR WILLIUM LEISHMAN (1865 -1926) DESCRIBED LEISHMAN STAIN FOR BLOOD FILMS IN 1914

MODERN PATHOLOGY • JULIUS COHNHEIM(1839 -1884) – INTRODUCED FROZEN SECTIONS. • GEORGE N PAPANICOLAOU –(18831962) FATHER OF EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY DEVELOPED PAP SMEAR FOR DETECTION OF CERVICAL CANCER.

MODERN PATHOLOGY • KARL LANDSTEINER(1863 -1943)DESCRIBED HUMAN BLOOD GROUPS • RUSKA & LORRIES IN 1933 DEVELOPED ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

MODERN PATHOLOGY CONT • WATSON & CRICK IN 1953 GAVE • DESCRIPTION OF STRUCTURE OF • DNA

MODERN PATHOLOGY CONT • TIJO & LEVAN IN 1956 IDENTIFIED CHROMOSOMES & THEIR CORRECT NUMBER IN HUMANS • NOWELL & HAGERFORD IN 1960 IDENTIFIED PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME (RECIPROCAL TRANSLOCATION BETWEEN 9 & 22)

SUBDIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY • 1. HISTOPATHOLOGY- PATHOLOGIC ANATOMY • 2. HAEMATOLOGY • 3. CYTOPATHOLOGY • 4. CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY –ANALYSIS OF BLOOD , SEMEN, CSF, URINE • 5. IMMUNOLOGY- STUDY OF ABNORMALITIES OF IMMUNE SYSTEM

SUBDIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY • 6. EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGYRESEARCH. • 7. GEOGRAPHIC PATHOLOGY • DIFFERENCES IN DISTRIBUTION, FREQUENCY & • TYPE OF DISEASES IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE WORLD

SUBDIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY • 8. MEDICAL GENETICS- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEREDITY & DISEASE • 9. MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY – DIAGNOSIS AT THE LEVEL OF DNA BY IN SITU HYBRIDISATION & POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)

TEXT BOOKS • 1. ROBBIN’S PATHOLOGIC BASIS OF DISEASE - 8 th EDITION • 2. ROBBIN’S BASIC PATHOLOGY 8 th EDITION.

TEXT BOOKS • 3. TEXT BOOK OF PATHOLOGYHARSH MOHAN 6 th EDITION • 4. WALTER & ISRAEL –GENERAL PATHOLOGY. • 5. MUIRS TEXT BOOK OF PATHOLOGY

TEXT BOOK CONT • 6. A TEXT BOOK OF PATHOLOGY BY N. C. DAY & T. K. DAY • 7. PATHOLOGY- EMANUEL RUBIN & JOHN. L. FARBER • 8. De GRRUCHY’S CLINICAL HAEMATOLOGY IN MEDICAL