OTHELLO LECTURE 6 A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF ACT

OTHELLO LECTURE 6: A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF ACT 2 SCENE 3 (THE BRAWL SCENE)

OUTLINE 1. What is the dramatic purpose of Act 2 Scene 3? 2. What are some significant themes in this Scene? 3. What is the dramatic significance of the brawl? 4. How is language used to define character? 5. How does Iago use language to exploit the situation and manipulate those around him?

DRAMATIC PURPOSE OF ACT 2 SCENE 3 To present a portrait of Othello as commander of the army To advance Iago’s plot; and show the first victory of evil over good To present a picture of Iago the villain To give another look at Desdemona To present closer looks at Cassio, Montano and Roderigo To link the brawl and the revenge plot To provide a comic interlude for comic relief

SIGNIFICANT CONCERNS (LINKED TO THE INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY) Good versus Evil; Revenge Reputation and Responsibility Duty and Desire Love and Hate Love and Lust Conflict between Appearance and Reality Virtue and Vice; Strength and Weakness Wisdom and Folly; Patience, Power, and Discipline Wit and Witchcraft Order and Chaos; Civilization and Barbarism

METHODS / DEVICES / TECHNIQUES AND THE INTERPLAY OF THESE METHODS q q q • • q q q • Diction: the energy & weight of words to meaning Antithesis: Contrast of two ideas / opposite words Imagery and Poetic Language: Sound and Meaning Stress and Rhythm – lines are moving with varying emphases Dramatic Irony (Othello: ‘Iago is most honest. ’) Soliloquy: Iago - p 81, p 99 and end of Scene Structures - Thought Structure and Rhetoric: How thoughts are structured within a speech in different blocks

DISTINCTIVE LANGUAGE PATTERNS OF THE CHARACTERS The language and imagery of the main characters’ speeches Iago adjusts his language to suit what he thinks are the tastes and sensibilities of those he wants to impress, cheat, or deceive When he speaks to Montano he uses verse, and highsounding metaphors e. g. “’Tis evermore the prologue to his sleep” (line 124) Normally marked by brevity, underlining his rational, businesslike, pragmatic view of life

OTHELLO’S LANGUAGE The critic, Wilson Knight, comments on: Othello’s highly coloured and poetic language • Stately; rich in sound and phrase • Majestic and dignified statements • The power of his heightened, poetically musical language defines Othello as a soldier and lover “Come, Desdemona, ’tis the soldier’s life To have their balmy slumbers waked with strife. ”

OTHELLO AND IAGO Iago speaks of the trade of war Othello ‘the pride, pomp and circumstance of glorious war; Iago looks at the sea as an arena for professional activity For Othello, the sea is a mysterious, poetic element - “Like to the Pontic sea, / Whose icy current and compulsive course / Ne’er feels retiring ebb, but keeps due on” [3. 3. 451 -53]

CRITICALLY SIGNIFICANT THEME? The power of language as a weapon A most powerful weapon in the struggle for primacy — i. e. Power and Glory over others All speech is a form of rhetoric (as it is for Iago) The difference between a better and worse way of speaking is the degree of success each achieves

MOVING OTHERS IS THE PRIME OBJECTIVE OF SPEECH The things that words express are of little importance What’s important is the success words have in moving one’s audience in the desired direction The strong and wily inevitably dominate the weak and unwary Men are moved not by abstract argument but by “lively reasons” of their appetites and fears Passions are what is truest about men Human life essentially takes place on this level The main fact of life — STRUGGLE

OTHELLO THE COMMANDER GENERAL We can understand appreciate why Venetians appointed him to this position Shows moderation, discretion, responsibility and caution Note his advice to Cassio: “Let’s teach ourselves the honourable stop, Not to outsport discretion” Refers to Cyprus as ‘this warlike Isle’

THE TWO FACES OF OTHELLO We have seen Othello at his height as the lover of Desdemona (in Act 2 Scene 1); Here in this Scene We see Othello at his height as a military commander

ORDER AND CHAOS Othello as commander of the army, and in charge of security, is concerned about restoring and maintaining order in a war zone “Are we turned Turks, and to ourselves do that Which heaven hath forbid the Ottomites? For Christian shame, put by this barbarous brawl. ” Thus sees the brawl as a serious crime of disturbing the peace. His anger is apparent: “My blood begins my safer guides to rule”

IRONY Ironically, the disturber of the peace turns out to be Cassio But like a good commander, Othello must not make an exception of him Cassio is dismissed with decisive immediacy: “Cassio, I love thee But never more be officer of mine”

SOME REFLECTIVE QUESTIONS REGARDING OTHELLO Do Othello’s instructions to Cassio to stand guard on a night of celebration suggest over-caution or the mark of a prudent soldier? Does Othello show special friendship for Cassio here? Does this make Cassio’s fall even greater?

THE BRAWL EPISODE AND IAGO Brawl scene functions as a miniature play within the main play Contrived and managed by Iago with skill and cunning Iago - many ‘acting’ roles or parts to play, and plays each one of them with lively personal enjoyment arising from his awareness of his own unique powers.

CRITIC GRANVILLE-BARKER ON IAGO The chameleon-like ability of Iago: His remarkable adaptation to each change of circumstances “I am not what I am. ”

TO ILLUSTRATE IAGO’S CHAMELEON-LIKE ABILITY: Companion to Cassio, acting the good fellow His more sinister role as he effectively tells lies to the Cyprian Governor, Montano, about Cassio’s “infirmity” Then changes from hypocrite to outright villain as he puts Roderigo on the trail to further mischief— ‘go out and cry a mutiny!’ Next becomes a conscientious upholder of law and order, asking all present to show due respect for Othello

IAGO THEN PLAYS THE PART THAT BEST SUITS HIS TALENTS, THAT OF THE ARTFUL DECEIVER: He becomes honest Iago Puts on a posture of being strained while giving a seeming impartial account of what has happened And impressing Othello with his ‘pained’ reaction to Cassio’s lapse— ‘Honest Iago that looks dead with grieving” Note implicit stage directions regarding gesture

CRITICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BRAWL SCENE The Brawl Scene provides impressive evidence of Iago’s successful manipulation of all those around him: Roderigo, Montano, Cassio, Othello Leaves nothing to chance here for even before the brawl, he convinced Montano that Cassio’s infirmity is a danger to Venetian interests As a result, Montano feels compelled to urge Iago to be a good soldier and tell the truth about Cassio

IAGO’S FAMOUS SOLILOQUY IN SCENE 3 His talent for hypocrisy is again brought to the fore He tells the story against Cassio with a fine show of reluctance and misgiving (all show) Takes on another role: one of faithful counselor and consoler of Cassio The real Iago only re- emerges in his great soliloquy, “And what’s he then, that says I play the villain / When the advice is free I give and honest”

IAGO’S PLOT ADVANCES (KEEPING IN MIND IAGO’S MANIPULATIVE USE OF WORDS) Interesting to watch Iago’s mind at work as he plots and plans to bring about the disgrace of Cassio First he must work on Cassio himself; knows his weakness—alcohol; give him plenty and then “he’ll be as full of quarrel and offence” Secondly - to arrange for Roderigo and three “noble swelling” Cypriots to be on guard duty but they must all be “flustered with flowing cups”. A fight is bound to follow, and from it, Cassio’s disgrace.

AGENTS IN IAGO’S PLOT To ensure it works, other agents must be used Montano must be convinced of Cassio’s “vice”, his “infirmity”, his weakness for alcohol that will one day “shake this island” Roderigo must be ordered to “go out and cry mutiny” and bells must be rung so that all the Cypriots are involved

CASSIO’S “INFIRMITY” – WHERE IAGO CLEVERLY & CONVINCINGLY SLANDERS CASSIO You see this fellow that is gone before; He is a soldier, fit to stand by Caesar And give direction; and but see his vice: ’Tis to his virtue a just equinox, The one as long as th’other. ’Tis pity of him. I fear the trust Othello puts in him, On some odd time of his infirmity, Will shake this island.

IAGO’S PLOT THICKENS Cassio must then be advised to win Desdemona’s support: “I’ll tell you what you shall do…Our General’s wife is now the general…Confess yourself freely to her; importune her, she’ll help put you in your place again” Recall Iago’s remark in his soliloquy: “His soul is so enfettered to her love, / That she may make, unmake, do what she list”

IAGO’S PLAN IS DEVELOPING & MARKS THE FIRST STAGE OF HIS MALICE Note that he has succeeded in destroying the reputation of Cassio – Cassio’s good name has been tarnished Cassio: Reputation, reputation! O I have lost my reputation. I have lost the immortal part of myself, and what remains is bestial. My reputation, Iago, my reputation! Now he wishes to destroy Othello and Desdemona Out of Desdemona’s virtue and goodness he wishes to make the “net / That shall enmesh them all” But just in case there is any weakness in the plan, Iago has two other things to do:

THE MALICE, THE MALICE! He must also involve his wife, Emilia: “My wife must move for Cassio to her mistress, I’ll set her on” He must also let Othello see some evidence: “Myself awhile to draw the Moor apart, / And bring him jump, when he may Cassio find, / Soliciting his wife. ”

MONSTROUS PLAN IN THE MAKING Iago is now full of delight about his evil creation To put the Moor into a jealousy that judgment cannot cure, and thus destroy his peace of mind All these practical moves will transform his evil design into a working reality The method may be slow (Iago is patient); but it always appears legitimate, never extravagant When circumstance is added to circumstance until the net, the web of intrigue, is woven to take Othello into its coils.

THE COMIC INTERLUDE The interlude is full of comedy as well as having a direct bearing on main events. Iago is the life of the party Swings into action and skillfully turns this social occasion of the festivities into a heavy drinking party His ditties and jokes about English drinking habits and about “your Dane, your German, and your swagger-bellied Hollander” provide great comic entertainment for a viewing audience

AND ITS ADVANCEMENT OF THE PLOT But aside from the comic relief it provides, it has a direct bearing on the main events of the plot It neatly ties in with one significant part of Iago’s plot to engineer the getting drunk of Cassio, and eventually his dismissal, his dishonorable discharge.

IAGO’S SOLILOQUY NEAR THE END OF THIS SCENE Iago (to Cassio): Come, you are too severe a moraller. As the time, the place, and the condition of this country stands, I could heartily wish this had not so befallen: but since it is as it is, mend it for your own good. (“And what’s he then that says I play the villain”)

COMMENTARY ON IAGO’S SOLILOQUY Alone, Iago asks how anyone could see him as a villain with ironical words Note its frankly evil self-revelation Shows more plainly the peculiar quality of Iago’s wickedness This is his power to use sanity, common sense, goodness, as weapons against themselves And his clear, pitiless realization that he is doing so His method, as he explains, is: • to employ sound advice skillfully perverted, • to foresee how the honesty, the kindness of Desdemona, and the trust and simplicity of Othello, can be made to destroy them

THE EFFECTS OF THE ANTITHESES A series of antitheses is set up in the language of the soliloquy: ‘Villain’ is set against ‘honest’ ‘Hell’, ‘devils’ and ‘blackest sins’ are set against ‘heavenly shows’ These antitheses demonstrate Iago’s acute consciousness of how appearances can be deceptive and can thus be orchestrated to bring about Othello’s downfall The intervention of Iago the consummate actor will be to ‘pour this pestilence’ into Othello’s ear and thereby effect the transmutation of what is white into black (‘So I will turn her virtue into pitch. ’ )

TURNING GOOD INTO EVIL Thus Iago’s part in the play is full of perfectly correct and even admirable sentiments but all used for evil purposes… For example, at the end of this scene when he speaks to Roderigo about “patience” his words have the false ring of good advice deliberately twisted towards evil ends: “How poor are they that have not patience! What wound did ever heal but by degrees? ”

IAGO’S MACHIAVELLIAN USE OF LANGUAGE Language was Machiavelli’s weapon Similarly, Iago’s power – masterful manipulation of words; a warrior of words Words carefully chosen, combined, and strategically structured (Thought Structure) to achieve their maximum effect, namely: • to dominate, manipulate • to control through speech that creates disorder

A FINAL THOUGHT One theatrical critic saw the play as: A dramatized bullfight in which the hero is a noble bull, repeatedly charging the handkerchief in the grip of Iago, the dominant matador.