Organizational Design and Macroergonomics titis wijayanto Outline Introduction

Organizational Design and Macroergonomics titis wijayanto

Outline �Introduction �Organization Concept �Macro-ergonomics Concept �Socio-technical system component �Relation of macro- to micro-ergonomics design of work system �Socially Centered Design

Introduction �Different levels of study and intervention: �Micro-level � Human-machine interface technology –hardware ergonomics � Human-environment interface technology –environmental ergonomics � User-interface technology �Macro-level � Organization-machine interface technology

Introduction Macro Ergonomics: Job Design, Fitting the Organization Job Content, To Organization, The MAN Culture Micro Ergonomics: ergonomics: Environment, Fitting the task Physical, To Cognition The MAN

Introduction “different organization designs can utilize the same technology” (Emery & Trist, 1960) The key is to select organizational design that is most effective in terms of: � People/human portion in system � Relevant external system

Organization Concepts Organization? ? ? �Planned coordination of collective activities implies management �Made up more than one person �Have a structure/have hierarchy of authority �Oriented toward achieving common goal

Organization Concepts Organizational Structures (three major components): �COMPLEXITY (degree of differentiation and integration) � Horizontal differentiation � Vertical differentiation � Spatial dispersion �FORMALIZATION (degree to which jobs within organization become standardized) �CENTRALIZATION (degree to which formal decision is concentrated in an individual)

Macro-ergonomics Concepts �the optimization of organizational and work systems design through consideration of relevant personnel, technological and environmental variables and their interactions. (H. W. Hendrick) �The goal of macro-ergonomics is a fully harmonized work system at both the macro- and micro-ergonomic level which results in improved productivity, job satisfaction, health and safety, and employee commitment. �Socio-technical system model

Socio-technical System Concept External Environment Joint causal Technical subsystem Personnel subsystem

Technological subsystem characteristics �Technology, as a determinant of organizational design, has been operationally defined in several different ways: �by Production Technology �by Knowledge Based Technology �by Technological Uncertainty �by Work Flow Integration

Technological subsystem characteristics by Production Technology (based on mode of production) Mode of Productions Organizational Structure Unit Mass Process Complexity: -Vertical Differentiation -Horizontal Differentiation Low Moderate High Moderate Formalization Low High Low Centralization Low High Applies only to manufacturing organization/firm

Technological subsystem characteristics by Knowledge Based Technology technology classification Task Variability Problem analyzability Routine w/ few exception High variety w/ many exception Well defined Routine (high formalization and centralization) Engineering (moderate centralization & Low formalization) Ill defined Craft (decentralization & low formalization) Non Routine (decentralized and low formalization)

Technological subsystem characteristics � by Technological Uncertainty (based on task performed) � Long-linked technology automobile assembly line --moderately complex and formalized structure � Mediating technology bank/post office --low complexity and high formalization � Intensive technology customized response (hospital) --high complexity and low formalization

Personnel Subsystem Characteristics �Degree of Professionalism --education and training requirements of a given job. --there is a trade-off between professionalism and formalizing the organizational structure �Psychosocial Factors --cognitive complexity �Cultural Diversity

Personnel Subsystem Characteristics �Cultural Diversity –Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension:

Personnel Subsystem Characteristics � Cultural Diversity –Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension: � Power Distance Index (PDI) focuses on the degree of equality, or inequality, between people in the country's society. � Individualism (IDV) focuses on the degree the society reinforces individual or collective achievement and interpersonal relationships. � Masculinity (MAS) focuses on the degree the society reinforces, or does not reinforce, the traditional masculine work role model of male achievement, control, and power. � Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) focuses on the level of tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity within the society - i. e. unstructured situations

Personnel Subsystem Characteristics Cultural Diversity –Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension: 78 14 46 48 World Averages 55 - 43 - 50 - 64 - 45

External Environment Characteristics �External environments that significantly impact organizational function: �Socioeconomic �Education �Politic �Culture

External Environment Characteristics Environmental dimension (Duncan, 1979) Degree of change Degree of complexity Stable Dynamic Low uncertainty Mod High Uncertainty Simple (container industry) Mod Low Uncertainty Complex (food industry) (fast food industry) un ce rta i nty High Uncertainty (computer industry)

Socially Centered Design �Evolution of Design Socially centered User centered System centered

System design Factor considered in System Design Factor Considered System centered User Centered Socially Centered Equipment -specification -maintenance -design to minimize human error -design of tech-artifact that support work practices Task -procedures, method, -design to enhance instructions, task input- human abilities and output overcome limitation -design of corporative activities Users -spec of roles, training procedures, etc -spec of roles and responsibilities that foster user satisfaction -spec in situated roles and responsibilities -identify direct and indirect user Environment -facility -safety, work hour, job function -workplace condt. And design -spec of informal work practices and shared artifact

Component of System design Equipment User CONTEXT Environment Task

Contextual Component of System Design artifacts Cooperative Task activities interpersonal Situational characteristics Organization & Groups